Chapter 1-5 Vocab Flashcards
Large wall usually built from dirt along a river to prevent flooding
levee
Personal understanding of the world, shaped by experiences
perspective
Movement of ideas or behaviors from one cultural region to another
diffusion
Study of Earth’s natural landscapes and physical systems
physical geography
Art and science of mapmaking
cartography
Field of tracking Earth’s larger atmospheric systems
climatology
Open land that is often used for farming
rural
Contain cities
urban
culture that has become highly complex
civilization
occurs when people make important cultural changes as the result of long-term contact with another society
acculturation
occurs when demand is greater than supply
scarcity
elements of culture such as dress, food, and religious beliefs
culture traits
dollar value of all goods and services made in a country in one year
gross national product
learned system of shared beliefs and ways of doing things that guide a person’s daily behavior
culture
dependence of plants and animals on people
domestication
activities that directly involve natural resources or raw materials
primary industries
based on inherited physical or biological traits
race
people who start businesses in a free enterprise system
entrepreneurs
system where companies own farms
commercial agriculture
natural resources, money, labor, and people who start a business
factors of production
maximum number of species that can be supported by an area
carrying capacity
industries where people have specialized skills or knowledge
quaternary industries
government leaders held accountable by citizens through constitutions and democratic processes
limited government
resources that can be replaced by Earth’s natural processes
renewable resources
growing different crops on the same land over a period of years
crop rotation
people who farm steep hillsides build ____________ or horizontal ridges, into the slope
terraces
the long-term process of losing soil fertility and plant life
desertification
the destruction or loss of forest area
deforestation
water-bearing layers of rock, sand, or gravel deep underground
aquifers
taking salt out of seawater
desalinization
a slow increase in Earth’s average temperature
global warming
___________ resources are those that cannot be replaced by natural processes or are replaced very slowly
nonrenewable
coal, petroleum, and natural gas are ________ fuels
fossil
most popular renewable source of energy
hydroelectric power
process crude oil into products
refineries
heat escapes from steam vents and hot springs
geothermal energy
sign that represents something else
symbol
large farms that grow a limited amount of crops
commercial agriculture
does not include income earned outside of country
gross domestic product
companies can produce any goods they wish and charge customers however they want
free enterprise
farming that provides only for that farmers family
subsistence agriculture
economy based on custom and tradition
traditional economy
study of Earth’s larger atmospheric systems
climatology
changes that make it easier to live an environment
adaptations
path, such as around the sun
orbit
day when the Sun’s vertical rays are farthest from the equator
solstice
gas that helps protect Earth from harmful solar radiation
ozone
water that occurs in the air as an invisible gas
water vapor
water that falls back to Earth in some form
precipitation
outer, solid layer of Earth
crust
one of Earth’s large landmasses
continent
landform where a river joins an ocean
delta
term used for the Sun and the objects that move around it?
solar system
layer of gases that surround Earth
atmosphere
circulation of water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back
the water cycle
magma that has reached the surface of Earth
lava
a fractured surface in Earth’s crust where a mass of rocks is in motion
fault line
large, slow-moving river of ice
glacier
refers to the weight of the air
air pressure
weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
climate
when a large amount of warm air meets a large amount of cold air, an area of unstable weather is created called __________ forms.
front
condition of the atmosphere at a given place and time is called what?
weather
another term for dry
arid
seasonal shift of air flow and rainfall
monsoon
mostly dry climate found between desert and wet climate regions
steppe
type of plant or animal that dies out completely has become _________.
extinct
the study of the connections among different forms of life
ecology
the gradual process by which one group of plants replaces another
plant succession
process by which Earth’s atmosphere traps heat
greenhouse effect
dry area created when warm, moist air loses its moisture
rain shadow
layer of soil that stays frozen all year
permafrost
process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy
photosynthesis
decayed plant and animal matter in the soil
humus
