Chapter 1 Flashcards
Kinesiology
study of motion or human movement
Structural kinesiology
study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement
Anatomical position
most widely used & accurate for all aspects of the body
standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward
Fundamental position
is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & palms facing the body
Mid-axillary line
A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)
Anterior axillary line
A line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold
Posterior axillary line
A line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold
Mid-clavicular line
A line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle
Mid-inguinal point
A point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis
Retroversion
Abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion
Kyphosis
Increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
Lordosis
Increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
Scoliosis
Lateral curving of the spine
Recurvatum
Bending backward, as in knee hyperextension
Valgus
Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
Varus
Inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
Cardinal
Planes of motion
Sagittal or Anteroposterior Plane (AP)
divides body into equal, bilateral segments
It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half
Ex. Sit-Up
Frontal, Lateral or Coronal Plane
divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves
Ex. Jumping Jacks
Transverse, Axial or Horizontal Plane
divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position
Ex. Spinal rotation to left or right
Frontal, coronal, lateral or mediolateral axis
Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion
Runs medial / lateral
Commonly includes flexion, extension movements
Sagittal or anteroposterior axis
Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion
Runs anterior / posterior
Commonly includes abduction, adduction movements
Vertical, long or longitudinal axis
Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion
Runs superior/ inferior
Commonly includes internal rotation, external rotation movements
Diagonal or oblique axis
also known as the oblique axis
runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
Osteology
Study of the Skeleton
Diaphysis
long cylindrical shaft
Cortex
hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
Periosteum
dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
Endosteum
fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
Medullary (marrow) cavity
between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
Epiphysis
ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone
Epiphyseal plate
(growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction
Endochondral bones
develop from hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stagegrow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become
growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bone
Synarthrodial
immovable joints
Suture-such as Skull sutures
Gomphosis-such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla
Amphiarthrodial
slightly movable joints
allow a slight amount of motion to occur
Processes (including elevations and projections)
Wither form joints or serve as a point of attachment for muscles, tendons, or ligaments
Cavities (depressions)
Include openings and grooves that contain tendons, vessels, nerves, and spaces for other structures
arthroses
Joints with no movement
Diarthrodial Joints
known as synovial joints
freely movable
composed of sleevelike joint capsule
secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
capsule thickenings form tough, nonelastic ligaments that provide additional support against abnormal movement or joint opening
