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Psychology 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

• 5 things

A
  • Scientific study of all behavior and mental processes
  • It is a scientific study
  • Deals with all processes
  • Deals with behavior
  • Mental proceses
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2
Q

Scientific study

A

Uses objective methods and follows ethical guidelines

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3
Q

Deals with all processes

A
  • Both destructive and productive

* In organisms (wetware) and machines (hardware and software)

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4
Q

Deals with behavior
•definition
•3 examples

A
  • Behavior is an observable action

* Smoking, spoken/written words, brain waves

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5
Q

Mental processes
•definition
•3 examples

A
  • inferred by observing behavior

* problem solving, emotion, imagination

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6
Q

7 contemporary approaches

A
  1. Biological/neuroscience
  2. Behavioral approach
  3. Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical
  4. Humanistic
  5. Cognitive
  6. Evolutionary
  7. Sociocultural
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7
Q

Biological/neuroscience

A

Focusing on brain and nervous system

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8
Q

Behavioral approach

A

Behavior shaped by the environment

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9
Q

Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical

A

Unconscious forces and childhood experiences

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10
Q

Humanistic

A

Strengths, growth, freedom of choice

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

Mental processes, such as memory and interlligence

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12
Q

Evolutionary

A

Adapting to meet basic needs

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13
Q

Sociocultural

A

Influence of social environment on development

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14
Q

3 types of psych research

A
  1. Experimental (shows cause and effect)
  2. Descriptive (Gives data some content)
  3. Correlational (shows relationships)
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15
Q

Variables

A

Conditions/ characteristics that can change (within) or differ (between)

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16
Q

Operational defintion

A

Exactly how a variable is measured

• sleep deprivation = X hrs without sleep

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17
Q

Two categories of variables

A
  1. Independent

2. Dependent

18
Q

Independent variable

A
  • directly manipulated
  • experimenter controls
  • example: I said memorize words
19
Q

Dependent variable

A
  • changes after manipulation
  • depends on participants
  • these are the outcomes
  • Example: her scores
20
Q

2014 sleep deprivation vs memorization experiment (Fostick)

• what were the 2 variables

A
  1. Amount of sleep

2. Speech perception

21
Q

What was the control group? experimental group?

A
  • control group: regular sleep (18 young adults)

* experimental group: 24 hrs w/o sleep (55 young adults who were checked every 20 minutes)

22
Q

Speech perception

A

Repeating words presented at different speeds and types of background noise

23
Q

Minimizing confounding variables

A
  • Other influences/ interference = confounding variables
  • had to have normal hearing
  • Tested in native language
  • No learning disabilities
24
Q

Once planned, secure approvals by

A

Humans- goes through Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Non humans- Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

25
Q

what does the Institutional Review Board look for

A

Informed consent from participants

26
Q

4 types of descriptive studies

A
  1. Case study
  2. Interviews and focus groups
  3. Surveys and questionnaires
  4. Observations
27
Q

Do descriptive studies show cause and effect? If not then what do they show?

A

No they do not. They show context or relationship to other variables

28
Q 
Correlational research
•definition
• what does it show
•what is it
•what are the ranges
A
  • Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together
  • shows relationships, associations
  • a statistic
  • -1.00 to +1.00
  • (closer to 0 = weak, no valuable relationship, closer to either -1.00 or +1.00 = strong, important relationship)
29
Q

Positive correlation

A

Variables move in the same direction

30
Q

Critical thinking

A

: process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions and evaluating

31
Q

Empirical Method

A

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning

32
Q

Neuroscience

A

Scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

33
Q

Psychology’s scientific method

5 steps

A
  1. Observing some phenomenon
  2. Formulating hypothesis and predictions
  3. Testing through empirical research
  4. Drawing conclusions
  5. Evaluating conclusions
34
Q

3 types of research

A
  1. Descriptive research
  2. Correlational research
  3. Experimental research
35
Q

Longitudinal design

A

Systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

36
Q

Experiment

A

Carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable

37
Q

Random assignment

A

Resarcher’s assignment to participants to groups by chance to reduce the likelihood than an experiments results will be due to preexisting differences between groups

38
Q

Confederate

A

A person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated

39
Q

Sample

A

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator f or study

40
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

the observation of behavior in a real-world setting

Psychology 101 (7 decks)

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