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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of stucture - how things are built

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of function - how things work

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Visible with the naked eye

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Must use miscroscope

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

body systems. e.g. Cardiovascular

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6
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Structural changes from conception to death

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7
Q

Physiology Focus

A

mainly on function at the cellular and molecular levels

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8
Q

Neurophysiology

A

nervous system functions

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9
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

Heart and Blood Vessels

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11
Q

Structural Organization Levels

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

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12
Q

Chemical

A

atoms form to combine molecules

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13
Q

Cellular

A

cell is the basic unit of life, molecules combine to form cellular structures

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14
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells with a common function

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15
Q

Organ

A

A group of two or more tissues forming a specific structure. e.g. heart consists of cardiac muscle and connective tissue

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16
Q

System

A

Two or more organs working toward a common goal. e.g. Cardiovascular is the heart AND blood vessels

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17
Q

Organism

A

one complete being

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18
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A

Maintain Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

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19
Q

Maintain Boundaries

A

keep internal environment separate from external environment

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20
Q

Movement

A

All activities caused by muscles

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21
Q

Responsiveness

A

Sensing Changes in environment

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical rxns in the body.
BREAK DOWN - Large into small
BUILD LARGER- small into large

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23
Q

Excretion

A

removing wastes from the body (urinary system)

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24
Q

Reproduction

A

producing offspring

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25
Q

Growth

A

increase in organ or body size (cell numbers)

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26
Q

Survival Needs

A

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water Body Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure

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27
Q

Nutrients

A

chemicals for fuel and building blocks for growth

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28
Q

Carbohydrates

A

main fuel

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29
Q

Proteins

A

building blocks for new structures

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30
Q

Fats

A

lipids - energy storage and some building

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31
Q

Oxygen

A

required to “burn fuel” burn, create ATP oxidateive reactions

32
Q

Water

A

the most abundant substance in the body
60-80% of body weight is water
required for and produced by chem rxns

33
Q

Body Temperature

A

must be at 37 Centigrade (98.6F)

34
Q

Body Temp too cold

A

chem rxns slow down

35
Q

Body Temp too hot

A

enzymes that cauase chemical rxns to occur are temp dependant will break down

36
Q

Maintaining body temp

A

body heat is mainly generated by skeletal muscles

37
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

required to move respiratory gasses

38
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment within limits

39
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanism Components

A
  1. Receptor - sensor that monitors ( e.g. thermoreceptor)
  2. Control Center - contains a set point responds to receptor (e.g. 37C)
  3. Effector - something that can bring about a change. (e.g. muscle shiver)
40
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A

Heating and A/C systems

Eating a candy bar

41
Q

Eating a Candy Bar

A

Candy bar ate…Blood glucose rises, insulin is released to cause cells to uptake glucose and blood glucose falls to normal

42
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

A

Rare in Normal Systems (blood clotting, oxytocin in childbirth are exceptions)
Positive feedback usually indicates pathology

43
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Can be considered disease (pathological process)

44
Q

Superior

A

above ; Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

45
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

below; Away from the head end or twoard the lower part of a structure or the body

46
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

in front of ; toward or at the front of the body

47
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

behind; toward or at the back of the body; behind

48
Q

Medial

A

on the inner side of; toward or at the midline of the body

49
Q

Lateral

A

on the outer side of; away from the midline of the body

50
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

51
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

52
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

53
Q

Superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

54
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from the body surface; more internal`

55
Q

Saggital Plane(and section)

A

divides the body into R and L portions

56
Q

Midsagital

A

exactly on the midline

57
Q

Parasagital

A

off the midline

58
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane and section

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

59
Q

Transverse plane and section

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions - cross section

60
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

closest to the posterior surface of the body
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Cavity

61
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Anterior to dorsal - encloses internal organs

62
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Superior part of ventral - ribs and muscles form wall contains pleural and pericardial cavities

63
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Lungs. R + L separate

64
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Houses Heart, located within the mediastinum

65
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

inferior to thoracic - separated by diaphragm - abdominal and pelvic cavities

66
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

contains stomach, intestines, etc.

67
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

no true barrier between abdominal and pelvic cavities

68
Q

Ventral Cavity Membranes

A

found on inner walls of the ventral cavity and outer surface of internal organs

69
Q

Serous Membrane (serosa)

A

Double layered structure of ventral cavities only.

70
Q

Parietal Serosa

A

line the inner walls of cavities

71
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

covers surface of organs

72
Q

Serous fluid

A

found in the potential space between visceral and parietal serosa - reduces friction caused by movment

73
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

found on heart surface

74
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lines cavitiy in which each lung resides.

75
Q

Abdominopelvic serosa

A

peritoneum

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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