Chapter 1

Question 1

By-Products

Answer 1

Secondary or incidental product, as in a process of manufacture.

Question 2

Claw

Answer 2

Division into four tubes of milking unit.

Question 3

Clip

Answer 3

Amount of wool shorn in one season.

Question 4

Commercial Farming

Answer 4

Production of agricultural products on a large scale.

Question 5

Commodity

Answer 5

Secondary or incidental product, as in a process of manufacture.

Question 6

Connecting Air

Answer 6

Portion of milking unit that creates the vacuum.

Question 7

Dry Lot

Answer 7

Type of pen in which the main feed source is not grass.

Question 8

Farrow to Finish

Answer 8

Operation that raises hogs from birth to slaughter weight.

Question 9

Backgrounding

Answer 9

Growing and feeding of calves from weaning until they are ready to enter feedlot.

Question 10

Free Stall Barn

Answer 10

Loose housing system in which stalls are provided for cows.

Question 11

Milk Tubes

Answer 11

Portion of the milking unit that carries the milk to the bulk tank.

Question 12

Milking Unit

Answer 12

Part of the milking machine that attaches to the udder

Question 13

Nursery

Answer 13

Building in a swine operation where weaned piglets are kept.

Question 14

Pasture

Answer 14

Pen in which grass is the main feed source. Usually much larger than a dry lot

Question 15

Streak Canal

Answer 15

Short, small-caliber duct(s) at tip of teat that communicates to exterior; teat orifice (teat orifice closes gradually over 1 to 2 hours after milking)

Question 16

Suspension Cup

Answer 16

aka - claw; division into four tubes of the milking unit.

Question 17

Teat Cup Assembly

Answer 17

Portion of the milking unit that contains the steel shell and liner.

Question 18

Thermal Neutral Zone

Answer 18

Endotherm’s temperature tolerance range.

Question 19

USDA

Answer 19

United States Department of Agriculture; conducts research to discover, test, and implement improved genetic evaluation techniques for economically important traits.

Question 20

Yield Grade

Answer 20

Measurements of cattle and lamb carcass cutability categorized into numerical categories.

Question 21

Quality Grade

Answer 21

Composite evaluation of factors that affect palatability of meat (tenderness, juiciness, flavor).

Question 22

Parlor

Answer 22

Separate area where cows are milked.

• Herringbone is most common type; cows stand at an angle to the pit.
• Polygon; like herringbone but have more than two sides.
• Side Opening; allows the cows to stand parallel to each other.
• Rotary; arranged so cows enter onto a turning platform that rotates slowly; many cows can be milked in a small space.

Question 23

Dairy Cycle - Phase One

Answer 23

Starts w/freshening “calving” or “kidding”.
Last 10-12 weeks
Ends when female reaches peak milk production
Calf or kid is removed from mother within a few hours and is bottle-fed colostrum, then milk replacer.

Question 24

Dairy Cycle - Phase Two

Answer 24

Reaching peak milk production signifies the change from phase 1 to phase 2; Phase 2 includes weeks 12 to 24 of lactation.
Goal is to maintain peak milk production levels for as long as possible

Question 25

Dairy Cycle - Phase Three

Answer 25

A gradual decline in milk production that last from week 24 of lactation cycle to dry off.
Longest phase of milk production.

Question 26

Dairy Cycle - Phase Four

Answer 26

Dry phase that last 6-8 weeks before parturition.

Typically need a dry period for 45-50 days.

Question 27

Milking Sanitation Concerns

Answer 27

Only teats are washed - Do not wash entire udder
Milking done in clean, dry, stress free environment.
Post dip teats when milking completed.

Question 28

Grade “A” Milk Products

Answer 28

Milk products eligible for fluid use, i.e. milk, cheese, butter and frozen dairy products; produced on farms that meet certified standards.

Question 29

Grade “B” Milk Products

Answer 29

aka “manufacturing milk”; produced under conditions that are less strict than Grade “A”

Question 30

Seed Stock Producer

Answer 30

“purebred breeders”; raise cattle for sale to cow/calf producers or other seed stock producers.
Often used as replacement heifers or bulls to improve genetics in commercial cow/calf herd.

Question 31

Cow/Calf Producers

Answer 31

Raise calves for sale to feedlots
Most bred to calve in spring but some fall calving does take place.
Calves can also be backgrounded

Question 32

Feedlots

Answer 32

Last stage of meat production before slaughter.

Two types - Commercial producers and Farmer feeders

Question 33

Vertical Integration

Answer 33

The pork company that produces the animal also owns the packing plant that slaughters the animal for market.

Question 34

Four Systems of Raising Sheep

Answer 34

1 - Fall lambs: born before December 25; aka hothouse lambs.
2 - Early spring lambs: born January and February; good housing for lambs and good parasite control programs are recommended.
3 - Late spring lambs: born March, April and May; these require quality parasite control programs and are worth less at finish due to seasonal price decrease.
4 - Accelerated lambing: produces three lamb crops in 2 years; requires increased breeding management and labor.

Question 35

Four Types of Pork Production

Answer 35

Farrowing
Growing or Nursery
Finishing
Farrow to Finish

Question 36

Farrowing Facility

Answer 36

Involves breeding, gestation, and farrowing; piglets are weaned from mother at 2-8 weeks and weight around 10-25 pounds at weaning.

Question 37

Growing/Nursery Facility

Answer 37

Piglets remain here after arriving from farrowing operation for 8-10 weeks; when they reach 40-60 pounds they are moved to finishing facility.

Question 38

Finishing Facility

Answer 38

Pigs are fed out until they reach market weight.

Question 39

Swine Confinement Housing

Answer 39

Provides greater control of pigs macroenvironment, including temperature and humidity in addition to sanitation and ventilation.

Question 40

Gestation Crates

Answer 40

Sows/gilts remain in crates 24 hours per day until about a week before farrowing; many facilities now use free access gestation stalls.