Chapter 1:绪论 Flashcards

1
Q

微生物(microorganism)

A

自然界的一大群体–>型微小、结构简单、肉眼看不见—>显微镜才能观察。

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2
Q

医学微生物学(medical microbiology)

A

研究致病性微生物–>生物学特性、致病和免疫机制–>特异性诊断、防治措施–>控制和消灭感染性疾病和与之有关的免疫损伤等疾病,达到保障和提高人类健康水平的目的。

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3
Q

郭霍法则(Koch’s postulates,1884)

A

①特殊的病原菌 在同一种疾病中查见,在健康人中不存在
②能被分离培养–>纯种
③纯培养物–>易感动物–>同样病症
④人工感染的实验动物–>能重新分离–>病原菌纯培养。

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4
Q

肽聚糖(peptidoglycan)

A

多聚体–>细菌细胞壁,(原核细胞所特有),又称为粘肽或胞壁质。
G+ :聚糖骨架、四肽侧链和五肽交联桥
G-: 聚糖骨架和四肽侧链

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5
Q

磷壁酸(teichoic acid)

A

由核糖醇或甘油碱基–>磷酸二酯键互相连接–>多聚物(G-菌细胞壁的特殊)

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6
Q

脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)

A

G-菌细胞壁特殊-内毒素。由脂质双层向细胞外伸出–脂质A+ 核心多糖+ 特异多糖

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7
Q

周浆间隙(periplasmic space)

A

在G-菌的细胞膜和外膜的脂质双层之间有一空隙,内有多种水解酶。

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8
Q

细菌L型(bacterial L form)

A

细菌细胞壁–》肽聚糖结构受的直接破坏或合成被抑制–》在高渗环境下仍可存活。
G+ 缺失后,原生质仅被一层细胞膜包住–原生质体(protoplast);
G- 受损后尚有外膜保护–原生质球(spheroplast)。

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9
Q

中介体(mesosome)

A

细菌部分细胞膜内陷、折叠、卷曲–囊状物(多见于革”G+)–细胞的分裂、呼吸、胞壁合成和芽孢形成。

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10
Q

质粒(plasmid)

A

染色体外的遗传物质–胞质中的闭合的双链DNA–决定自身的某种形状外,还可通过接合或转导等作用将有关性状传递给另一细菌。

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11
Q

荚膜(capsule)

A

某些细菌在其细胞壁外包绕一层粘液性物质,为多糖或蛋白质的多聚体,被称为荚膜。

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12
Q

鞭毛(flagellum)

A

许多细菌的菌体上附有细长并波状弯曲的丝状物,是细菌的运动器官。

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13
Q

菌毛(pilus或fimbriae)

A

许多G-菌和G+菌菌体表面存在着一种直的、比鞭毛更细更短的丝状物,称为菌毛。

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14
Q

芽胞(spore)

A

某些细菌在一定的环境条件下,胞质脱水浓缩,在菌体内部形成一个圆形或卵圆形小体,是细菌的休眠方式,称为芽胞。产生芽胞的细菌都是G+菌。

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