Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the structure and share of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work or function
atoms
tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins
cells
the smallest units of all living things
tissues
consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
organ
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
system (organ system)
a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
organism
the highest level of structural organization; human organism is made up of 11 organ systems
integumentary system
the external covering of the body, or the skin; It waterproofs the body, cushions, and protects the deeper tissues from injury
skeletal system
consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement
muscular system
the skeletal muscles of the body; have only one function - to contract or shorten
nervous system
the body’s fast-acting control system; consists of the brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sensory receptors
endocrine system
controls body activities but slowly; endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones
cardiovascular system
consists of the heart and blood vessels; uses blood as the transporting fluid to carry O2, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made
lymphatic system
involved in immunity; returns fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels
respiratory system
responsible for keeping the body constantly supplied with O2 and to remove CO2; consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
digestive system
a tube running through the body from mount to anus; Role is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells
urinary system (excretory system)
removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
reproductive system
exists primarily to produce offspring; male and female have different organs
necessary life functions (8)
- Maintaining Boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness or Irritability
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
survival needs (4)
- Nutrients
- O2
- Normal Body Temp
- Atmospheric Pressure
Homeostasis
the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
negative feedback mechanism
most common homeostatic control mechanism
mechanism returns body to homeostatic state; response is to “turn off”
positive feedback mechanism
rare homeostatic control mechanism because they tend to increase the original disturbance
ex. child birth or blood clotting
homeostatic imbalance
disturbance to homeostasis - leads to sickness, disease and eventually death
anatomical position
standard body position
directional terms
allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
superior
above or toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
inferior
below or away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
ventral (anterior)
at the front or toward of the body; in front of
dorsal (posterior)
at the backside of the body; behind
medial
at the midline of the body; toward the middle; on the inner side of
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
farther from the point of origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial (external)
towards or at the body surface
deep
away from the body surface; more internal
