Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the structure and share of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Question 3

atoms

Answer 3

tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins

Question 4

cells

Answer 4

the smallest units of all living things

Question 5

tissues

Answer 5

consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function

Question 6

organ

Answer 6

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

Question 7

system (organ system)

Answer 7

a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Question 8

organism

Answer 8

the highest level of structural organization; human organism is made up of 11 organ systems

Question 9

integumentary system

Answer 9

the external covering of the body, or the skin; It waterproofs the body, cushions, and protects the deeper tissues from injury

Question 10

skeletal system

Answer 10

consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints; It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement

Question 11

muscular system

Answer 11

the skeletal muscles of the body; have only one function - to contract or shorten

Question 12

nervous system

Answer 12

the body’s fast-acting control system; consists of the brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sensory receptors

Question 13

endocrine system

Answer 13

controls body activities but slowly; endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones

Question 14

cardiovascular system

Answer 14

consists of the heart and blood vessels; uses blood as the transporting fluid to carry O2, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made

Question 15

lymphatic system

Answer 15

involved in immunity; returns fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels

Question 16

respiratory system

Answer 16

responsible for keeping the body constantly supplied with O2 and to remove CO2; consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 17

digestive system

Answer 17

a tube running through the body from mount to anus; Role is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

Question 18

urinary system (excretory system)

Answer 18

removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine

Question 19

reproductive system

Answer 19

exists primarily to produce offspring; male and female have different organs

Question 20

necessary life functions (8)

Answer 20

1. Maintaining Boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness or Irritability
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

Question 21

survival needs (4)

Answer 21

1. Nutrients
2. O2
3. Normal Body Temp
4. Atmospheric Pressure

Question 22

Homeostasis

Answer 22

the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

Question 23

negative feedback mechanism

Answer 23

most common homeostatic control mechanism

mechanism returns body to homeostatic state; response is to “turn off”

Question 24

positive feedback mechanism

Answer 24

rare homeostatic control mechanism because they tend to increase the original disturbance
ex. child birth or blood clotting

Question 25

homeostatic imbalance

Answer 25

disturbance to homeostasis - leads to sickness, disease and eventually death

Question 26

anatomical position

Answer 26

standard body position

Question 27

directional terms

Answer 27

allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

Question 28

superior

Answer 28

above or toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

Question 29

inferior

Answer 29

below or away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

Question 30

ventral (anterior)

Answer 30

at the front or toward of the body; in front of

Question 31

dorsal (posterior)

Answer 31

at the backside of the body; behind

Question 32

medial

Answer 32

at the midline of the body; toward the middle; on the inner side of

Question 33

lateral

Answer 33

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Question 34

intermediate

Answer 34

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Question 35

proximal

Answer 35

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 36

distal

Answer 36

farther from the point of origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 37

superficial (external)

Answer 37

towards or at the body surface

Question 38

deep

Answer 38

away from the body surface; more internal