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CAS 340 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blank Slate

A

The idea that a newborn child’s mind is neither good nor bad but waiting to be written upon.

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2
Q

Child-Centered

A

Thinking about children from the child’s perspective or with the child’s needs in mind.

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3
Q

Child mortality

A

The death of infants and children under the age of five.

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4
Q

Convention on the rights of the child

A

A United Nations document designed to promote the rights of children around the world.

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5
Q

Culture

A

The way of life shared by members of society.

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6
Q

Discipline

A

training in order to produce a specific outcome or pattern of behavior. Often, this involves some type of punishment.

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7
Q

Adult-Centered

A

Thinking about children from the parent’s perspective or with the parent’s need in mind.

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8
Q

Socialization

A

Process involved in teaching children skills, behaviors, values, and motivations necessary for competent functioning in a culture.

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9
Q

Six Fundamental tasks of parenting

Bradley 2007

A
  1. Ensure safety and Sustenance
  2. Stimulating and instructing
  3. socioemotional support
  4. monitor/surveillance
  5. structure
  6. Social Connections
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10
Q

Phillipe Aries

Book (1962) Centuries of Childhood

A

ideas about children change over time. Childhood today did not exist during the middle ages.

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11
Q

Who came up with Adult Centered view of Children. Which began to change in the late 16th century

A

Phillip Aries

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12
Q

Who examined children’s portraits from different time periods.

A

Phillip Aries

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13
Q

St. Augustine

354-430 CE

A

Children were tainted by original sin.

-Children are born sinful like Adam and eve.

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14
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778) Swiss, frenchman

A

Society corrupts the innocent nature of children.

Children are born innocent and amoral

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15
Q

John Locke
(1632-1704)
English physician and philosopher
Manual: Some Thoughts Concerning Education

A

revolutionary impact on childrearing practices

  • advocate for children are a blank slate
  • promoted hardening practices: cold baths, light clothes for cold weather, no peaches, melons, or grapes
  • Vegan during first 3 years of life.
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16
Q

advocate for children are a blank slate

A

John Locke

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17
Q

promoted hardening practices: cold baths, light clothes for cold weather, no peaches, melons, or grapes

A

John Locke

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18
Q

Lloyd DeMause
(1975)
Researcher and writer for history of treatment of children

A

The further you go back in history the lower level of child care. The more likely children were to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorized, and sexually abused

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19
Q

Who wrote about the history of mistreatment of children until more recently

A

Lloyd DeMause.

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20
Q

John Wesley
(1703-1791)
Founder of Methodist Church
Englishman

A

Pronounced parental discipline essential for child’s development
- Followed mother Susannah Wesley’s rules
-establish daily routines from birth
-no snacking in between meals
-girls taught to read before they taught to do housework
-morality
-

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21
Q
  • Daily routines: from birth, girls taught to read before housework
  • Morality: do not beat if they confess to misbehavior
  • punishment: never allow sinful act to go unpunished
  • Religion and Sin: Teach to pray as when they can speak, conquer child’s will
A

John Wesley

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22
Q

Susannah Wesley

A
  • mother of 19 only 9 survived past 2

- wrote letter to son John Wesley (1732) describing child bearing philosophy.

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23
Q

John Calvin
(1509-1564)
French Protestant Religious Reformer

A

Children are by nature sinful and parents had the role of correcting this problem.

  • Total depravity Concept
  • children are born into sin and that human nature (without God) is destined for depravity
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24
Q

children are born into sin and that human nature (without God) is destined for depravity

-children need to be reprimanded kindly so that children will cheerfully obey

A

John Calvin

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25
Q

Horace Bushnell
Congregationalist Minister in Connecticut
(1802-1876)

A

Children were born as formless lumps
-parents should provide good guidance
-

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26
Q

Children were born as formless lumps

A

Horace Bushnell

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27
Q 
blank slate (1700's)
encouraged what parental behaviors

John Lock

A

reason with children rather than punish.

The sooner you treat a boy like a man the sooner he will become a man.

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28
Q

Influential Childcare books and Authors

A
  • Ancient Pediatric Prescriptions
  • Luther Emmett Holt (1855-1924): The care and feeding of children
  • Benjamin Spock (1903-1998): The common sense book of baby and child care.
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29
Q

Ancient Pediatrics Prescriptions

A
  • Good Health: warm baths diluted in wine (460-370) Hippocrates
  • Excessive Hair: rub body with powder of burned dry figs (527CE)
  • Soothe teeth: smooth infants gums with hare brains (325 CE)
  • Crying infant: drink of quietness boiled down black poppies
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30
Q

Physician who wrote the book: The Care and Feeding of Children (1894)

A

Luther Emmett Holt

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31
Q

Who wrote the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (in 1945)
50 million copies sold world wide

A

Benjamin Spock

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32
Q

Punishment
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
3 reasons spanking is bad

A
  1. occurs after misbehavior
  2. outlet for parental aggress
  3. unlikely to be used scientifically
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33
Q

Who is the founding father of behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

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34
Q

Who favored physical punishment over sentimentality

A

G. Stanley Hall

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35
Q

Who was the first advocate for Breast feeding

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau

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36
Q

Greek Families

A

viewed children as innocent, loving happy and playful.

Punishment in a nurturing.

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37
Q

Modern child rearing resources

A
  • over 42,000 books
  • millions of internet articles
  • television: educational shows, reality shows
  • print media: dozens of parenting magazines
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38
Q

Who stated children should have total depravity

A

John Calvin

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39
Q

-Vegan during first 3 years of life.

A

John Locke

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40
Q

Parenting research began in

1920’s
1930’s
1940’s

A

1920’s

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41
Q

Freud

Psychosexual theory

A

oral: birth to 12 months
anal: 12 months to 3 years
phallic: 3 to 6 years

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42
Q

John B. Watson

A

behaviorism

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43
Q

Brofenbrenner

A

Ecological Systems Theory

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44
Q

John Bowlby

British psychologist

A

Attatchment theory created its central ideas and collaborated with mary aimsworth

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45
Q

Attatchement Theory

A

Understanding how love between a parent and child develops and affects development.

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46
Q

Anxious Resistant Attachment

Attatchement Theory

A

don’t warm up or ignore return when they come back.

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47
Q

Attatchement Theory
Core premise
parent child Attatchment= survival and competent offspring

A 
Secure Attached
Insecurely Attached
Anxious Avoidant
Anxious Resistant
Disorganized
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48
Q

Freud

A

Oral: Birth to 12 months
Anal: (12 months to 3 years)
Phallic: (3-6 years)

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49
Q

Aristotle

A

Children are blank tablets

50
Q

Lay Beliefs

A

Like father like son

51
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Attatchement theory with Monkeys

52
Q

1750 BCE first evidence of child rearing practice

A

Hammurabi clay tablets in Mesopotamia (Modern day Iraq)
282 codes or laws of conduct called Hammurabi
-Children were legally the property of their father
-son strikes father they will cut off fingers
-if someone steals they are put to death

53
Q

Egypt (3000bce)

A

Parented in child centered way, reared with love, care, and enjoyment.

  • breast fed until age 3
  • age 5 or 6 prepared for adult occupation
54
Q

Greeks (490 BCE)

A

enjoyed children

  • child is unformed and impressionable
  • inherited psychological and physical characteristics from parents
  • viewed as innocent, loving, happy, and playful.
55
Q

Romans (510 BCE)

A

Built upon greek philosophy

-devoted to influencing: physical, moral, and intellectual development.

56
Q

Mary Aimsworth

Attatchement theory

A

Studied infant attachment

  • what will children do when mom leaves room
  • what is reaction when she comes back
57
Q

Secure Attatchment

A

sad when parent leaves and happy when they come back, wanting to touch parent.

58
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

40% of children

59
Q

Anxious Attatchemnt

A

Don’t warm up or ignore moms return.

60
Q

Anxious Resistant

A

upset when mom leaves and are fine when moms back but doesn’t want to be touched.

61
Q

Disorganized attatchment

A

a mix of all

62
Q

John B. Watson

Behavioral theory

A

father of behaviorism

  • environment was key, Nurture to the extreme
  • Classical conditioning
63
Q

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorsim

A

Operant conditioning

-Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment

64
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

John B. Watson

  • neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimulus
  • helped cure shyness
65
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

Reinforcement of behavior

66
Q

Evolution promotes survival

A

Babies distinctively born cute to promote parental care and investment

67
Q

Genetics Theory

A

Genotype: genetic makeup
Phenotype: how genotype is expressed (looks, characteristics )
Twins will have same characteristics even though don’t live together
-how does moms Tempermant affect baby in the womb

68
Q

Passive Role

Genetic Theory

A

Fewer toys more books, maybe an introvert

69
Q

Active Role

Genotype

A

Extrovert seeks others to play, drawn to large crowds

70
Q

Evocative Role

Genotype

A

Aggressive or impulsive children vs. calm child

hyper or calm which evokes parents reaction

71
Q

Shared and non shared environment

A

all kids come out different.

72
Q

Ecological Systems theory

Urie Brofenbrenner

A

Microsystem: Mom, Dad, Teacher
Mesosystem: connections made in microsystem (dad yells, I yell)
Exosystem: Mom travels it affects me
Macrosystem: Media, cultural influence
Chronosystem: Life altering events, how do they effect all systems.

73
Q

Alfred Bandura

Social Learning Theory

A

Bobo Doll 1960’s

Parent hits doll with hammer children will hit the doll with hammer

74
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Model or shaping effect through social behaviors

75
Q

Parent Child Coercive Cycles
Gerald Patterson
Social Learning Theory

A

Competition between parent and child to see who will get the upper hand.

EX: parent puts child on time out, child gets up when they want parent loses upper hand and says your grounded till your 40!

76
Q

Dynamic Nature of Parenting

Social Relational theory

A

constantly changes as parent and child grow

77
Q

Bi-Directional arrow

Social Relational Theory

A

How the child and parent effect each other.

78
Q

Role Theory
Concerns of Roles
Role Conflict
Role strain

A
  • family roles, expectations and behaviors
  • roles with two different status (being a parent and employee)
  • Tension between roles of same status (caring for child & elder parent)
79
Q

Bell’s CONTROL THEORY
(1979)
Who is in control

A

parent is responsible for how child is doing

80
Q

Mutual regulation

bell theory

A

how to manage each other (child is good, mom’s happy, child is bad, mom’s controlling)

81
Q

Upper Limit

Bell Theory

A

limit parent deals with before stepping in

EX: child is being to loud, how long does parent wait to step into situation.

82
Q

Lower limit

Bell theory

A

not active: Child is playing video games when does parent step in.

83
Q

Self Determination

Deci and Ryan (2012)

A

What motivates individuals to act.
EX: ball into the street
Child goal: get the ball
Parent goal: keep child safe and controlled

84
Q

Family Systems Theory

A

Recognizing influence of all family members
-family is a unit
EX: alcoholism is a family disease

85
Q

2nd order effects

Family Systems Theory

A

one parent acts differently when other parent isn’t around

EX: kids are ignored by dad until mom shows up.

86
Q

Co-parenting

Family Systems Theory

A

mother and father working together, shared responsibilities of child raising.

87
Q

Emotional Security Theory

A

children see parents argue become fearful that this will result in separation.
How parents handle arguments reflects on how secure their child feels about the world

88
Q

Parenting Traits

A

Classifying parents into one word category, depending on sensitive, and involvement

EX: Helicopter parents: hover, intrude, over involved

89
Q

Baumrinds Typology

A
  • Authoritative: warm, loving but firm
  • Authoritarian: cold and firm, dictator
  • Permissive: loving, no rules
  • Uninvolved/Neglectful: cold and neglectful
90
Q

Transactional Development

A

What type of pull does child have on parent
EX: parents are different with a 13 yr old and 3 yr old

EX: parents are more lenient and rough house with boys
EX: parents will baby the baby of 3 kids.

91
Q

Bi-directional approach

A

mutual influence, parent affect the child and the child affects the parent
EX: Brushing Aubrey’s teeth, how I act affects how she acts in the morning.

92
Q

Social Learning

A

Where you learned about dispensing rewards and punishments
-From your own experiences
EX: we learned from our parents

93
Q

Social Address

A

Comparing Parents who live in different locations or have different characteristics:

  • Culture
  • Geographical Location
  • SES
  • Race/Ethnicity
94
Q

Ecological Momentary Assesment
Diads
Triads

A

Examines behaviors as it occurs naturally
Diad: mom and child
Triad: dad, mom, and child

EX: child needs something, mom is already aware
EX: kids good at taking turns is a example of synchrony

95
Q

Parent Cognition

A

Our behavior is in part a function of our perceptions.

Parent and child thinking process.

96
Q

Social Autopsy

Parent Cognition

A

Talk stop and process

How does parents attitude effect their parenting style?

97
Q

Parent perceptions

If son does drugs

A

All his friends do drugs

98
Q

Self Perception

Parent Cognition

A

How intuitive parents are to figure out the situation

EX: parent knows kids has a problem and also works with teacher.

99
Q

Metaparenting

A

thinking about the parenting process, happens when the child is not around
EX: when the parent thinks about the situation after the event.

100
Q

central question of parenting research and behavioral genetics

A

examine role of genes versus the environment (nature vs. nurture).

101
Q

Mediator vs. moderator variables

Mediator

A

Mediator: changes how or why two variables are associated
EX: if we think parents are bad the child questions if they are bad and then begins to act out.

102
Q

Mediator vs. moderator variables

Moderator

A

affects the strength or direction of a relation between two other variables
EX: if kid acts out in public parent jumps in right away impacting the child’s conscious.

103
Q

Which approach acknowledges bi-directional influnces

3

A
  • Ecological Momentary Assessment: how parent/child interaction is structured and regulated
  • Child Effects: how does child affect parent
  • Large Data Sets:
104
Q

Which approaches provide most flexibility for studying determinants of parental behavior and direction of influence

A
  • Parenting Traits -Social Learning

- Social Address -Large Data Sets

105
Q

Experiments of Nature

A
  • Feral Children: children raised by animals
  • Starved of effect: no social interaction
  • Failure to Thrive: children are smaller, their brains are smaller
  • Orphanages and instutions
106
Q

Konrad Lorenz, Harry Harlow

Animal Studies

A

Lorenz and the baby geese: he was their mother

Harry Harlow: Monkeys raised by real mom and cage moms

107
Q

Competent Children

A

Securely attached infants are more competent.

If parent is bad join an outside club

Adolescent effect of adult attachment think about dad or mom in childhood are you happy or sad?

108
Q

Negative (View of others)/Negative(view of self)

A

fearful

109
Q

Positive(View of others)/Negative(view of self)

A

Preoccupied

110
Q

Positive(View of others)/Positive(view of self)

A

Secure

111
Q

Negative (View of others)/Positive(view of self)

A

Dismissing

112
Q

Parent Child attatchment

A

children securely attached at 12 months of age will develop a positive working model of themselves and others.

12-18 months children will be good at problem solving are persistent cooperative

113
Q

baumrind vs. lewis

A

Baumrind parent chooses the parenting style

Lewis: competent children elicit authoritative parenting. competency in children and parents reflect a reciprocal process.

114
Q

Current view of genetic influence

A

children are born with certain genes but it takes the environment to bring out that specific gene.

115
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

genes may only react given a certain environment for them to thrive in.

EX: depression and schizophrenia may not be prevalent until the environment exposes certain stressors.

116
Q

Trajectories

A

create pathways for child’s development, often based on parental long term goals

Helps promote encouragement and support

117
Q

Mediating Trajectorie

A

interpreting a child’s experience and sense of reality

EX: mom controlling where the child is at.

118
Q

Pre-Arming

Trajectorie

A

Before bad stuff happens

-teaching kids how not to do drugs, how to say no and walk away

119
Q

Concurrent Mediation

Trajectorie

A

How to counteract a negative experience right after it happens

EX: child raped by fathers friend while the whole family was in the room.

120
Q

Debriefing

Trajectorie

A

After the fact about 6 months to a year.
-Counteract negative experience after the fact

EX: get help and slay they demons or fall into a hole.

121
Q

Systematic empirical research

A

to correct erroneous beliefs and gain new knowledge

122
Q

Children’s Rights

A

Separate from parental rights

CAS 340 (2 decks)

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