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CAS 340 > CAS 325B Chapter 2 > Flashcards

CAS 325B Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is evidence?

A

In science, evidence comes from empirical research studies and Experiements.

  • They have a formal structure
  • association between variables
  • differences among groups
  • changes in characteristics over time
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2
Q

True Experiment

A

-Single most important key or ingredient?
-Control or manipulate independent variable
EX: drug for disease, I have control over drug (dosage), who it goes to or who gets placebo.
Have confidence that the difference in group A and group B is due to
the causal claim.

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3
Q

Causal Claim

A

Random selection, random assignment

Controlling for other variables that could effect your outcome.

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4
Q

Correlational Analysis

A

One goes up and one goes down why?

Correlation does not equal causation

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5
Q

True experimental designs are either impossible in developmental science or unethical

A

Age, sex, ethnicity, SES cannot be manipulated and assigned

Unethical
studying effects of smoking or drug use using random assignment to conditions.
You cannot ask them to smoke or due drugs we already know these things are bad for you.

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6
Q

Psychoanalytic

Founder: Freud (1856-1939)

A

Austrian psychiatrist, medical background

  • emphasized power of early experiences
  • believed no though or behavior happens purely by chance.
  • developed incredibly influential theory of personality and its structure.
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7
Q

Freud: 3 Mental Structures

Psychoanalytic Theory Structure

A

Id:

Ego:

Superego:

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8
Q

Ego

A

Conscious self:

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9
Q

ID

A

Unconscious Pleasure Principle Must be controlled

  • animal self
  • violent self
  • sexual self
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10
Q

Superego

A

Controls ID

  • would be embarrassed if you messed up publicly
  • at odds with ID
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11
Q

Defense Mechanism of ID, Ego, and Superego

A

Unconscious methods the ego uses to distort reality and protect itself from anxiety

  • In the original Freudian conception, all about the ego warding off unacceptable sexual aggressive desires.
  • modern conception protect self esteem (Regression, Repression)
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12
Q

Regression

A

Going back to an earlier developmental stage or state. Unconscious behavior

EX: 10 or 11 year old wetting the bed on regular basis, regressive behavior.

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13
Q

Repression

A

Delete or put into subconscious things or traumatic events you don’t want to remember.

-events we aren’t programmed to take in without having trouble processing and dealing with

EX: Childhood molestation, repressing until you are older and now understand what happened was molestation.

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14
Q

Is their True empirical science for regression and repression

A

No because their is no label for regression and repression memories. You cannot randomly assign or randomly select people to study regression and repression.

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15
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Unconsciously acting in a way that is the opposite of your true feelings.
convinced how you act is your true self even though you are hiding your true feelings.
Ex: someone is boring you, you act like your interested hiding your true feelings.

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16
Q

Freud reaction formation

A

You have to act in this opposite way and not realize it, you have to be convinced that how you are acting is your true self even though in your subconscious you feel the opposite

your true feelings are not appropriate

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17
Q

Dutton Study (1976)

A

Create a Reaction formation: study on prejudice
EX: gave college students assessments and picked a random number of students and told the students they were showing up as racist.
After he told them, outside homeless people were waiting, whites gave more money to black homeless then to white. The point is these students were trying to prove to themselves that they were not racist, this was a creation of the reaction formation.

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18
Q

Adams, Wright & Lohr (1996)
Study with homophobic men

Reaction formation

A

Brought in men and assessed the attitudes of sexuality. Some were tolerant some were really homophobic to all orientations (Survey Response).

  • all subjects consented to study: they were monitored with heart rate, skin response, and monitors on genitalia to measure their arrousal.
  • Showed gay porn and being measured.
  • The more homophobic the man the more they were arroused by gay sex.
  • These men did believe it was bad but subconsciously they did not know they would become arroused.
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19
Q

Morokoff (1985)

A

self reported about sexual interests and attitudes. Due to the content of the survey some may be hesitant to give their true feelings and so outcomes may not be valid.

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20
Q

Projection

of reaction formation

A

Freud: seeing traits in other people that you deny from yourself.
EX: your friend has two or more drinks and you feel they’re an alcoholic. You see this but genuinely believe you are not.

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21
Q

False consensus effect of Projection

A

EX: come across a new band and you want to share it with friends. Thinking others have the same taste in music and they really didn’t see the same worth as you did.

22
Q

Freuds Psychosexual Stage Theory of Development

A 
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
23
Q

Stage theory

A

Focuses on change over time.

Break down qualitative stages by age ranges

24
Q

Psycho sexual Stage theory

Change in size of the range

A 
1 to 1.5
1.5 to 3
3 to 6
6 to puberty
puberty onward
25
Q

Strengths of Freud

A

-Emphasis on early childhood experiences
-discovery of the unconscious
-Defense mechanism
Anna Freud reconceived protective and healthy, rationalize and or explain your failures away

26
Q

Weaknesses of Freud

A
  • He believed that women wanted to be men (feminist critique)
  • Not slaves to our unconscious
  • Unscientific he would not test his theories
  • He had a dark view of human nature thought humans were about sex and violence
27
Q 
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Psychosocial Stage Theory
A
  • Influenced by Freud but did not believe in emphasis on sex and death.
  • Emphasized social natures
  • Saw human development/nature as generally positive and continues through life span
  • Humans progress through 8 stages, each of which present us with primary obstacles to overcome
28
Q

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial Theory

A 
8 stages focus on last 4
Integrity vs. despair
generativity vs. stagnation
Intimacy vs. isolation
identity vs. confusion
29
Q

Integrity vs. despair

A 
late adulthood (60's onward)
Moving into retirement age, you should be able to look back on life and see how it amounted to something meaningful.  If you haven't done that you may feel despair .
30
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A 
Middle Adulthood (40- 50's)
When you hit your stride, your in your career, not the newbie in career, she Generativity, be productive.

If not happening you may feel stuck

31
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Early Adulthood (20-30’s)

  • Make longest term commitments to others
  • get married
  • have children
  • establish and maintain healthy relationship or feel isolated
32
Q

Identity Vs. Identity Confusion

A

Adolescence (10 to 20 years) maybe starting 8 or 9

  • Obstacle identity vs. identity confusion
  • identity processess can you deal with your identiies or do you feel scattered
33
Q

Identity vs. Confusion

5th stage

A
  • concerns itself with exploration of various roles and identities.
  • unable to explore in a healthy way –> they may have an identity crisis
34
Q

Jean Piaget
(1986-1980)
Cognitive Development Theory

A
  • Swiss psychologist
  • most famous developmental psychologist
  • Believed children actively construct knowledge by exploring their environments. Not empty vessels.
  • Little scientists
  • Assimilation and Accommodation
  • allows you to adapt to the environment.
35
Q

Cognitive development theory

A

qualitative and universally applicable

36
Q

Assimilation

Cognitive Process

A

The incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

37
Q

Accommodation

Cognitive Process

A

An adjustment to new information, causing the schema to change.

38
Q

Equilibration

Cognitive process

A

When adolescents experience cognitive conflict, they resolve conflict to reach a balance.

39
Q

4 Cognitive Developmental Stages

A
  • Sensorimotor stage
  • pre-operational stage
  • concrete operational stage
  • formal operational stage
40
Q

Freud and Piaget

problem

A

both end their studies before adulthood

41
Q

Piagets Theory

Sensorimotor

A

Sensorimotor:
-From birth to about age 2, infants construct understanding of world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motor actions.

42
Q

Pre-operational

Piaget Stage 2

A

From ages 2-7, children begin to represent their world with words, images, and drawings.

43
Q

Concrete Operational

Piaget Stage 3

A

Form 7-11 years, EX: pouring sand into tall glass is same as wide glas

  • logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to concrete examples.
  • Key is “Operations,” or mental actions.
  • Children are able to conserve mass at this stage (reversible operation)
44
Q

Formal Operations (11-15)

Piaget

A

Abstract: solve algebraic equations

Idealistic: think about ideal characteristics of the world, other and themselves

Logical: hypothetical-deductive reasoning (more sophisticated verbal representations)

45
Q

Neo-Piagetian takes on formal operations

A
  • Early formal Operational thought
  • Late formal Operational Thought
  • Even Piaget late in life concluded that formal operations may not be competed until late adolescence
46
Q

Piaget’s Theory

Mostly applied to?

A

Elementary Education

Educational system assumes that everybody can reach formal operations. May not be true

47
Q

Piaget Strengths

A
  • Children as active, constructive thinkers
  • Cognitive mechanisms advancing development
  • Testable Hypothese
48
Q

Piaget Weaknesses

A
  • Underestmitaed cognitive abilities “Object Permanence” and “2 year olds show non egocentric behaviors”
  • Overestimated: adolescents
  • no perfect synchrony
  • impact of culture (Brazilian street kids) relevant for their setting
  • Individualistic orientation toward development
49
Q

Cognitive Changes in Adulthood

Piaget Cognitive Development view

A

-realistic pragmatic thinking (face reality, idealism decrease)

Reflective and realistic thinking
-become aware of diverse opinions and multiple perspectives

50
Q

Scientific Theory

A

-Consistently replicated evidence.
EX: Gravity and evolution are both theories, not 100% but very strong 99.9%.
-Validation through evidence.

EX: Drop in basketball performance from one year to next
Due to less practice

CAS 340 (2 decks)

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