Chapter 1 & 4: Anthropology

Question 1

Ethnology

Answer 1

Ethnologists immerse themselves in a culture for months or years and take meticulous notes

Question 2

Archeology-Prehistoric

Answer 2

used to figure out how people live hundreds of thousands of years ago.

Question 3

Historical Linguistics

Answer 3

Studies how languages change over time and traces their origins and relationships.

Question 4

Structural Linguistics

Answer 4

• Focuses on the structure of language itself—how sentences, words, and sounds are organized and patterned.
• Key Figure: Noam Chomsky, a structural linguistic anthropologist, developed universal grammar theory.

Question 5

Sociolinguistics

Answer 5

• Focus: How language and society influence each other.
• Key Interest: Examines how social factors (ethnicity, gender, age, class, occupation, education, location) affect language use and social roles.
• Noam Chomsky:
• Role: Linguist known for universal grammar theory.
• Theory: Argues humans are born with natural language abilities.

Question 6

Cultural Relativism-Franz Boas

Answer 6

• Developed by: Franz Boas
• Idea: Understand cultures on their own terms without judging them by the standards of another culture.

Question 7

Functional Theory-Bronislaw Malinoski

Answer 7

• What it says: It looks at how different parts of a culture work together to meet people’s needs.
• Bronislaw Malinowski: He believed every aspect of culture has a purpose, like helping with food, shelter, or social life.
• How it’s used: Anthropologists use this to see how cultural practices help societies function.

Question 8

Cultural Materialism-Marvin Harris, Karl Marx

Answer 8

• Developed by: Marvin Harris and influenced by Karl Marx
• Focus: Analyzes how material conditions like resources and technology influence cultural beliefs and practices.

Question 9

Feminist Anthropology-Ernestine Friedl

Answer 9

• Examines how gender shapes culture, emphasizing issues of power, inequality, and gender roles.
• Ernestine Friedl

Question 10

Primatology-Jane Goodall

Answer 10

Primatology: the study of primates including gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs;
Jane Goodall (1934- )

Question 11

Paleoanthropology Archeology-Donald Johnson

Answer 11

Paleoanthropology: study of human and primate evolution through the study of fossilized remains;
Donald johnson

Question 12

Forensic Anthropology

Answer 12

Forensic: study of human remains by applying anthropological expertise.

Question 13

Human Variation & Darwinism

Answer 13

Physical or Biological: the study of human evolution and human biology
Human Variation: Studies the differences and similarities in physical traits among human populations.
Darwinism: Refers to the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin.

Question 14

Linguistic anthropologists

Answer 14

study the history and structure of language and the ways humans use language

Question 15

Archaeology and History

Answer 15

used to complete historical records.

Question 16

Archaeologist

Answer 16

study the physical remains of a past culture through excavation and reconstruction

Question 17

Linguistic

Answer 17

study of human language with specialized methods developed to record and analyze languages worldwide and language use in everyday life

Question 18

Postmodernism-Jacques Derrida

Answer 18

• Postmodernism challenges the idea that there is one true reality, suggesting that what we see as “reality” is shaped by our language and cultural context.
• Jacques Derrida is known for Deconstruction, a method that digs deep into texts to uncover multiple interpretations and hidden biases.