Chapter 1 Flashcards
Behaviorism
Focuses on observable changes in behavior.
Behavior is the result of a person’s response to stimuli(good or bad) (Responses that are reinforced increase, not reinforced they decrease).
Stimuli can be adapted to strengthen or reduce a person’s behavior.
Programmed learning or instruction(flash cards, scripted lesson
Instruction is broken down into small, successive steps
Cognitivism
a philosophy of learning that describes the activities of an organism in terms of observable actions or behaviors and internal or mental states. (people are active participants instead of passive recipients)
Constructivism: Schema Theory
Reading is a process in which readers actively search for meaning in what they read.
Depends on reader’s background (or prior) knowledge (schemata).
Readers construct meaning based on this background knowledge.
Assimilation
child interprets the world in terms of his or her schemes(incorporating new ideas into existing ones)
Accomodation
the process in which concepts or schemes are modified or new ones created to accommodate new knowledge.
Social Constructivism
Individuals learn as a result of social interactions with others.
Development depends on a culture’s language, writing, and counting systems.
Zone of proximal development: the level at which a child can be successful with appropriate support.
describes learning as an active process. (Implementing literature circles or book clubs in the classroom.)
Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD)
the difference between independent performance and potential performance as determined through problem solving under the guidance of an adult or more capable peer. (difference b/w a measure of what the child has learned up to that point and a measure of what the child might be capable of achieving)
Scaffolding
support and guidance provided by an adult or more capable peer that helps that student function at a higher level.
Cognitive behavioral modification
our behavior is affected by the set of rewards and punishments we have experienced in the past and by our beliefs, thoughts, and expectations.
Bottom-up approach
Children start at the bottom and work their way up. processing in which meaning is derived from the accurate, sequential processing of words. Emphasis is on the text rather than the readers background knowledge or language ability.
Top-down approach
Starts at the top and works downward; holistic and progression happens through immersion. deriving meaning by using ones background knowledge, language ability, and expectations. Emphasis is on the reader rather than the text.
Interactionist
teach skills directly and systematically-especially in the beginning. believe reading involves processing text and using one’s background knowledge and language ability.
Transaction
relationship between the reader and the text in which meaning is created as the text is conditioned by the reader and the reader is conditioned by the text.
stance
attitude that the reader takes. 2 stances: aesthetic and efferent.
Efferent (stance) reading
refers to a kind of reading in which the focus is on obtaining or carrying away information from the reading. (Science text book) is for the practical purpose of gaining knowledge from a text.
Aesthetic (stance) reading
refers to a type of reading in which the reader focuses on experiencing the piece: the rhythm of the words, the past experiences the words call up.(feelings, attitudes, and ideas the words evoke) involves being aware of the sound and feeling of a text, as well as identifying with the characters and participating in the story world—virtually experiencing the story.
Effect size
the power of the element being tested to improve achievement or other outcome. it’s the degree to which the experimental group did better than a matched group of students.
Standard deviation
is a measure of variance or dispersion there is from the average.
percentile rank
the point on a scale of 1-99 that shows what percentage of students obtained on equal or lower score. percentile rank of 75 means that 75% of those who took the test received an equal or lower score.
Reading
is a process in which we construct meaning from print.
Phonology
speech sounds known as phonemes. consists of producing and understanding speech sounds
morphology
word formation. meaningful word parts such as roots and affixes.
syntax
sentence formation. the way in which words are arranged in a sentence.
semantics
word and sentence meaning.
prosody
intonation and rhythm of speech: pitch, stress, juncture.
Pragmatics
engaging in effective communication
English language learners(ELL’s)
students not born in the US or whose native language is not english and who cannot participate effectively in the regular curriculum b/c they have difficulty speaking, understanding, reading, and writing in English-speaking classrooms.
Schema
Knowledge is packaged in organized structures called schemata.
Constitutes our knowledge about ‘objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions’ (Rumelhart, 1980)
Interpret our experiences by comparing and matching our experiences to existing schemata.
Our schemata are related to each other
house > neighborhood > family > teepee
Prior Knowledge Activities
Giving personal examples Creating new examples Drawing pictures Giving demonstrations Making comparisons Drawing inferences Making predictions Reflecting on Ideas Solving Problems Creating stories, plays, and essays (Ryder & Graves, 1988)
Constructivism: reader-response theory
Meaning is created in the transaction that occurs between the text and the reader
Readers read for two purposes:
Efferent reading is for the practical purpose of gaining knowledge from a text.
Aesthetic reading involves being aware of the sound and feeling of a text, as well as identifying with the characters and participating in the story world—virtually experiencing the story.
Efferent and aesthetic reading lie at either end of a continuum, with most reading comprising a mixture of the two. A reader’s purpose determines that stance a reader takes, and is influenced by the features of the text.
Psycholinguistic theory
The study of links between psychology and language.
Belief that reading is primarily a language process.
Readers rely on language cueing systems to help them rapidly read text.
Readers use their knowledge about language, and the world in general, to drive their thinking as they engage in the reading process.
Social learning theory
Combines features of behaviorism with social learning.
Behaviorism did not take into account vicarious learning (people learning from observing others)
People learn from observing others or “models”—their successes, failures, efforts, and styles.
Balanced Literacy Instruction
Teacher conducts a mini-lesson on the spot when a student does not understand something. (student trying to spell boat, teacher gives min-lesson on the oa spelling of long o)
