Chapter 1 Flashcards
Objective views of deviance focus on what?
- Deviance is characterized as being single, common, clearly identifiable characteristic
- Presence of certain characteristics make someone deviant, absence makes them normal
- Focuses on the ACT of deviance
Subjective views of deviance focus on what?
- Deviance is the result of processes of social construction such that a person, behaviour, or characteristic is deviant if enough people say it is
- No shared, observable trait, instead, society tells us what is deviant
- Focuses on PERCEPTIONS and REACTIONS to deviance
What are the four characteristics that objectivists typically see as being cause for a “deviant” label?
- Statistical rarity
- Harm
- Negative societal reaction
- Normative violation (most important)
What are the different types of harm in the objective view of deviance?
- Physical harm (to others or to oneself)
- Emotional harm
- Social harm (directed at society and interferes with smooth running of society as a whole)
- Ideological harm (threat to the way we see the world)
What is the “absolutist” conception of norm violation?
- Particular behaviour or characteristic is perceived as being inherently and universally deviant
- Certain immutable norms and values should be held in all cultures at all times
- What is considered wrong in one place should be wrong everywhere
- E.g., cross-cultural norms prohibiting murder, incest, lying, etc.
What are the differences between folkways, mores, and laws?
- Folkways: Informal; norms that govern informal, everyday behaviours (e.g., clothing choice, etiquette); violation makes you seem odd/rude, but there are minimal consequences
- Mores: Informal; norms that are considered to be the foundation of morality, have more force and threat to beliefs; violation makes you seem immoral or evil
- Laws: Formal; norms that are central to smooth running of society so they are enshrined in the legal system
What is the consensual view (of law)?
What is the conflict view (of law)?
What is the interactionist view (of law)?
- Consensual = Suggests society’s laws emerge our of consensus
- Conflict = Laws are created by the powerful to serve their own interests; aka the social power perspective; social groups lobbying for their own interests; e.g., lower class youth are more likely to be entered into justice system than middle class youth who commit the same crime
- Interactionist = Suggests that society’s powerful define the law at the behest of interest groups, who appeal to those with power to rectify a perceived social ill; criminal law does not arise from consensus, but from interests of certain groups in society
What is high-consensus vs. low-consensus deviance?
- High-consensus deviance: Forms of deviance about which there are high levels of agreement in society
- Low-consensus deviance: Forms of deviance about which there are low levels of agreement in society
- Usually criminal law is characterized by higher consensus than society’s non-legislative norms
What are prescriptive vs. proscriptive norms?
- Prescriptive = What we should do
- Proscriptive = What we shouldn’t do
What are dominant moral codes?
Where do they come from?
- The “lists” of right/wrong, appropriate/inappropriate, moral/immoral that predominate in a particular society at a given time in history and that are enforced in multiple ways
- Serve as a foundation for understanding deviance
- Power dynamics are key to understanding where these come from
What is social constructionism?
- Social characteristics (e.g., “thin”, “delinquent”) are creations or artifacts or a particular society at a specific time in history, just as objects are artifacts of that society
- Dominant moral codes emerge from processes of social construction - something is deviant only because it is defined as such, therefore definitions of deviance are context-specific
What are the two types of constructionism?
- Radical/strict constructionism: Claims the world is also characterized by endless relativism - if everything and anything is looked at in a certain way, that is the way it is (essentially, everything just is)
- Soft/contextual constructionism: Emphasizes processes by which certain social phenomena come to be perceived and reacted to in particular ways in a given society at a specific time (there is a degree of context involved)
What are the levels of social construction?
- Sociocultural (beliefs, ideologies, values, and systems of meaning have influence on social construction)
- Institutional (structures of our society such as government affect social construction)
- Interactional (interactions with others affects our perceptions of them and has a role in social construction)
- Individual (our own identities and concepts of self affect paths of social construction)
How does social constructionism affect how we view sociological significance?
- It is not the individual behaviour that is of importance but rather: it’s place in the social order; roles assigned to people who exhibit those behaviours; meanings attached to those behaviours
What are the two extreme ends of the objective-subjective continuum?
- Extreme objective end = deviance specialists who have proposed an absolute moral order as standard for determining deviance (more likely to study high-consensus forms of deviance)
- Extreme subjective end = most radical constructionists, suggest there is no reality outside of perception (most likely to study low-consensus forms of deviance)