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Molecular Cell Biology > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All living organisms are made of what?

A

one or more cells

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2
Q

What is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms?

A

CELL

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3
Q

Are all cells the same in chemical composition?

A

yes

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4
Q

What are the 7 simple molecules in the Miller-Urey experiments

A 
water vapor,
nitrogen (N2), 
ammonia (NH3),
carbon dioxide (CO2), 
CO
Methane (CH4)
hydrogen (H2)
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5
Q

Was there any Oxygen in the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

NO

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6
Q

What were the results of the Miller-Urey experiment?

A
  1. aldehydes
  2. simple acids
  3. more complex acids (including amino acids)
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7
Q

What was the next step in the origin of life?

A

self-replication macromolecules

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8
Q

What might have been the first genetic system?

A

RNA

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9
Q

Ribozyme-catalyzed reactions are observed in what?

A

genome replication in some RNA viruses
intron splicing
ribosome function in translation

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10
Q

Some RNA molecules have what type of activity?

A

enzymatic activity

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11
Q

What has been observed in RNA but not DNA ?

A

Ana can catalyze the polymerization if nucleotides including the synthesis of complementary RNA using its self as a template.

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12
Q

Hypothetically: the ribozyme and the substrate of replication may be what?

A

Two domains of the same RNA molecule.

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13
Q

The first cells thought to consist of what?

A

Self-replicating RNA and other life-promoting molecules inside a phospholipid memrane.

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14
Q

A smaller cell has a ____ surface area to volume.

A

Greater

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15
Q

Smaller cells can interact with its surroundings more_____.

A

Efficiently

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16
Q

Smaller cells are more likely to ____ energy as heat to their _____.

A

lose,

surroundings.

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17
Q

Prokaryotes lack what?

A

Nuclear envelope
membrane bound organelles
cytoskeleton

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18
Q

What type of cells are the most diverse?

A

Prokaryotes

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19
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria get their energy from____.

A

Sunlight

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20
Q

The membrane that uses the sunlight and converts it to energy for the photosynthetic bacteria is_____.

A

Chloroplast

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21
Q

The Anabaena cylindrica form filaments of what type of specialized cells?

A

nitrogen fixing
photosynthetic
weather-resistant spores

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22
Q

Phormidium laminosum contains intracellular membranes where ______ occurs.

A

Photosynthesis

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23
Q

The filamentous bacteria beggiatoa can live in what kind of environment?

A

A hydrogen sulfide contaminated marine environment.

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24
Q

What does chemosynthetic mean?

A

Derives energy from oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

25
Q

The nucleus of the eukaryotic cell contains ______ of the DNA in the cell.

26
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles found in the eukaryotic cell and generate most go the cells supply of usable energy.
DNA containing organelles
Enclosed by a double membrane

27
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae.
harvest energy from the sunlight by photosynthesis
DNA containing organelles
larger than mitochondria
2 membranes + 3rd membrane system which contains the photosynthetic pigment

28
Q

What is the name of the 3rd membrane of the chloroplast that contains the photosynthetic pigment?

29
Q

What is the photosynthetic pigment called?

A

chlorophyll

30
Q

Endocytosis

A

Import mediated by the formation of endocytic vesicles

31
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export of the cell

32
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes that entered eukaryotic cells and became specialized to perform specific cellular functions.

33
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis

A

resemble present day prokaryotes in size
contain their own DNA
organelles can divide independent of mitosis and cell division.
enclosed in double membrane.

34
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast can ____survive ousted of the cell.

35
Q

The presence of organelles ___________ define eukaryotes.

36
Q

Animal cells consist of:

A 
nucleus
chromosomes
mitochondria 
centrioles
no cell wall
37
Q

plant cells consist of:

A 
nucleus
chromosomes
mitochondria
chloroplast
no centrioles, but still have some type of microtubule organizing center.
large vacuoles
cell wall
38
Q

Epithelial cells:

A

bound by tight junctions and form sheets that cover body surfaces and form the lining of internal organs.

39
Q

connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage
adipose tissue
fibroblasts

40
Q

Blood cell types

A

red and white

41
Q

Red blood cells need what to divide?

A

Stem cells

42
Q

neurons

A

Are cells that receive and transmit signals throughout the body and are capable of generating electrical activity

43
Q

Dentrite

A

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
(by the Soma)

44
Q

Soma

A

neuron cell body

45
Q

Axon

A

also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.

46
Q

Axon terminal

A

(also called synaptic boutons) are distal terminations of the branches of an axon.

47
Q

Muscle cells

A

Are multi-nucleated cells that generate force and movement

48
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

49
Q

Is a virus alive?

50
Q

What distinguishes cells from other non-living entities?

A

Cells are highly complexed and organized
cells possess a genetic program and the means to use it
cells are capable of producing more of themselves
cells are capable of acquiring and utilizing energy.
cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions
cells engage in numerous mechanical activities
cells are able to respond to external stimuli
cells maintain their complex state by constant self-regulation

51
Q

What is an example of response and self-regulation of a cell?

A

The sea urchin.
an isolated cell recognizes and respond to absence of its partner and regulates regular development to complete an entire embryo.

52
Q

Most of our knowledge and studies (DNA replication) have come from this cell

A

E. coli
single circular chromosome
encodes ~4300 different proteins
dna replication and decoding genetic instructions.

53
Q

What is a simple eukaryote thats observed?

A

saccharomyces cerevisae
can reproduce almost as rapidly as bacteria
2x as much DNA as bacteria
mechanism of cell division cycle

54
Q

What is a simple model plant that is observed?

A

arabidopsis thaliana
can be grown indoors, produces thousands of offspring
genome 8x as large as yeast
evolution of flowering plants

55
Q

model animal for studies

A

drosphila melanogaster
embryonic development, neurobiology, behavior, cancer
mutants
13000 genes

56
Q

model animal

A 
caenorhabditis elegans
transparent nematode worm:
can follow development in detail
allowed for the understanding of programmed cell death
19000 genes
57
Q

model organism for fish:

A

Danio rerio
rapid embryonic development ~3 days.
transparent as embryos and juveniles

58
Q

model organism for mammal:

A

mus musculus
used to study mammalian genetics, development, immunology, cell biology
almost every human gene has a counter part in mouse.

Molecular Cell Biology (2 decks)

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