Chapter 1-3 Test Study Flashcards
Organic chemistry
study of all chemicals containing carbon. (might develop lightweight plastics for flying disks)
Inorganic chemistry
study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. (nonliving things/ might develop metal materials that provide strong structural parts for a building)
Biochemistry
study of processes that take place in living organisms. （include muscle contraction and digestion/ study the energy used for the contraction of muscles is produced and stored)
Analytical chemistry
study that focuses on the composition of matter. (measuring the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/ might test the air for the presence of pollutants)
Physical chemistry
area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. (might study the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in trees.
Pure chemistry
is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. (chemists in this field don’t expect that there will be any immediate practical use for the knowledge.)
Applied chemistry-
research that is directed towards a practical goal or application. (pure chem + applied chem is often linked)(The area of study that you would use to determine the components of an unknown liquid is analytical chemistry.)
Chemistry as the central science
(big idea)
Chemistry overlaps with all the other sciences. Physicists, biologists, astronomers, geologists, environmental scientists, and others use chemistry in twitter work.
Electrons and the structure of atoms (big idea)
Elements are composed of particles called atoms and every atom contains a nucleus and one or more electrons. The type of products obtained in a chemical reaction is largely determined by the electrons in the reacting chemicals.
Bonding and interactions (big idea)
Most elements exist in chemical compounds (collection of two or more elements held together by a relatively strong attractive force.)
Reactions (big idea)
Chemical reactions involve processes in which reactants produce products.(striking a match, compound is the match head and oxygen and the reactant is the new compound of products)
Kinetic theory
(big idea)
Particles of matter are in constant motion.
The mole and quantifying matter (big idea)
When conducting a chemical reaction, you would want to use just the right amount of the reacting material so none is wasted. This is possible using the mole(is a measurement)
Matter and energy (big idea)
Every chemical process uses or produces energy. Changes in quantity called free energy allow you to predict whether a chemical reaction will actually occur.
Carbon chemistry
(big idea)
Carbon compounds are the basis of life in all living organisms.
3 reasons to study chemistry
Explaining the natural world, Preparing for a Career, Being an informed citizen
Outcome of Research: Technology
means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.
Outcome of Research: Materials and the environment
chemists don’t just study matter, they also use what they know about the structure and properties of matter to make new materials with different or improved properties.
Outcome of Research: Energy
to meet global demand for energy either conserve or produce more.
Outcome of Research: Medicine and biotechnology
chem supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use.
Outcome of Research: The universe
to study the universe chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back
Scientific method
observation, generalize, hypothesis, experiment/test hypothesis
intensive properties
depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
Extensive Properties
depends on the amount of matter in a sample
Chemical properties of matter
flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of combustion
Physical properties of matter
color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting point, and boiling point.
three clues that are indicators of a chemical change
a change in color, change in temperature, formation of a gas, and formation of a precipitate
Mixtures
physical blend of two or more components
heterogeneous or homogeneous
can be separated back to original components
compound
a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
distillation
a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
accuracy
how close a measurement results comes to the true value.
precision
how close a measurement results comes to the other results
percent error formula
|(experimental value-accepted value)/accepted value| x 100
density equations
D = M/V
V = M/D
M = D x V
precise reading on graduated cylinder
bottom of the water line
precise reading on thermometer
top of the mercury line
pure substance
are further broken down into elements and compounds
methods to separate mixtures
filtration, distillation, evaporation
Distinguish between law and theory
laws describe what will happen in a given situation as demonstrable by a mathematical equation, whereas theories describe how the phenomenon happens.
SI units for mass, time, volume, and density
Mass: kilogram (kg).
Time: second (s).
Volume:
(m³), (cm³), or milliliter (mL)
Density: kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m³).
