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SOC 310 > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group

A

minority group

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2
Q

minorities and the corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences

A

racial group

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3
Q

is set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

A

ethnic group

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4
Q

based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group

A

biological race

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5
Q

the ratio of a person’s mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100, with 100 representing average intelligence

A

intelligence quotient(IQ)

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6
Q

when the belief that the inheritance of behavior patterns and in an association between physical and cultural traits is widespread is coupled with the feeling that certain groups or races are inherently superior to others

A

racism

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7
Q

a sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed

A

racial formation

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8
Q

the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups

A

penethnicity

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9
Q

the status of being between two cultures

A

marginality

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10
Q

the systematic study of social behavior and human groups

A

sociology

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11
Q

social ranking

A

class

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12
Q

the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society

A

stratification

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13
Q

emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability

A

functionalist perspective

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14
Q

elements of society that may disrupt a social system or decrease its stability

A

dysfunctions

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15
Q

assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict of tension between competing groups

A

conflict perspective

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16
Q

portraying the problems of racial and ethnic minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s responsbility

A

blaming the victim

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17
Q

becker; explains why certain people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior are not

A

labeling theory

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18
Q

the image that prejudiced people maintain of a group toward which they hold ill feelings

A

stereotype

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19
Q

responding to negatives stereotypes and acting on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

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20
Q

describes any transfer of population

A

migration

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21
Q

describes leaving a country to settle in another

A

emigration

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22
Q

denotes coming into the new country

A

immigration

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23
Q

the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

A

globalization

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24
Q

the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period

A

colonialism

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25
Q

views the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor

A

world systems theory

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26
Q

the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

A

genocide

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27
Q

state-sponsered systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators

A

Halocaust

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28
Q

the forced deportation of people, accompanied by systematic violence including death

A

ethnic cleansing

29
Q

the physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions

A

segregation

30
Q

a policy of separate development, euphemistically called multinational development by the government

A

apartheid

31
Q

when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group

A

fusion

32
Q

the process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage into a new people

A

amalgamation

33
Q

diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new creation, a new cultural entity

A

melting pot

34
Q

the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group

A

assimilation

35
Q

the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society

A

segmented assimilation

36
Q

implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination

A

pluralism

37
Q

emphasizes the customs of African cultures and how they have pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of Blacks in the United States and around the word

A

Afrocentric perspective

38
Q

the tendency to believe that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others’

A

ethnocentrism

39
Q

a negative attitude toward an entire category of people

A

prejudice

40
Q

ethnic slurs which include derisive nicknames such as honky, gook, and wetback

A

ethnophaulisms

41
Q

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons

A

discrimination

42
Q

the rights or immunities granted as a particular benefit or favor for being White

A

white privilege

43
Q

prejudiced people believe they are society’s victims

A

scapegoating theory

44
Q

anti-Jewish prejudice and dicrimination

A

Anti-Semitism

45
Q

has basic characteristics that mean it is a personality type that is likely to be prejudiced; adherence to conventional values, uncritical acceptance of authority, and concern with power and toughness

A

authoritarian personality

46
Q

explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior to justify the exploitation of that group

A

exploitation theory

47
Q

the view that prejudice is influenced by societal normal and situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities

A

normative approach

48
Q

unreliable generalizations about all members of a group and do not take individual differences into account

A

stereotypes

49
Q

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

A

sexism

50
Q

the fear of and prejudice toward homosexuality

A

homophobia

51
Q

any police-intiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person’s behavior

A

racial profiling

52
Q

the use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo

A

color-blind racism

53
Q

the tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group

A

social distance

54
Q

measures social distance empirically

A

Bogardus scale

55
Q

intergroup contact between people of equal status in harmonious circumstances causes them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes

A

contact hypothesis

56
Q

the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

A

relative deprivation

57
Q

a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist

A

absolute deprivation

58
Q

a crime in which offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic

A

hate crime

59
Q

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

A

institutional discrimination

60
Q

salaries, wages, and other money received

A

income

61
Q

all a person’s material assets

A

wealth

62
Q

the pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy home in minority and racially changing neighborhoods

A

redlining

63
Q

the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race of socioeconomic circumstance

A

environmental justice

64
Q

the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

A

affirmative action

65
Q

government actions cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men

A

reverse discrimination

66
Q

attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents people from reaching their full potential

A

glass ceiling

67
Q

limitation that prevent minorities from moving laterally

A

glass walls

68
Q

the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women

A

glass escalator

SOC 310 (5 decks)

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