Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group
minority group
minorities and the corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences
racial group
is set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
ethnic group
based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group
biological race
the ratio of a person’s mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100, with 100 representing average intelligence
intelligence quotient(IQ)
when the belief that the inheritance of behavior patterns and in an association between physical and cultural traits is widespread is coupled with the feeling that certain groups or races are inherently superior to others
racism
a sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
racial formation
the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups
penethnicity
the status of being between two cultures
marginality
the systematic study of social behavior and human groups
sociology
social ranking
class
the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society
stratification
emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability
functionalist perspective
elements of society that may disrupt a social system or decrease its stability
dysfunctions
assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict of tension between competing groups
conflict perspective
portraying the problems of racial and ethnic minorities as their fault rather than recognizing society’s responsbility
blaming the victim
becker; explains why certain people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior are not
labeling theory
the image that prejudiced people maintain of a group toward which they hold ill feelings
stereotype
responding to negatives stereotypes and acting on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate
self-fulfilling prophecy
describes any transfer of population
migration
describes leaving a country to settle in another
emigration
denotes coming into the new country
immigration
the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
globalization
the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period
colonialism
views the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor
world systems theory
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
genocide
state-sponsered systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators
Halocaust
the forced deportation of people, accompanied by systematic violence including death
ethnic cleansing
the physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions
segregation
a policy of separate development, euphemistically called multinational development by the government
apartheid
when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group
fusion
the process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group combine through intermarriage into a new people
amalgamation
diverse racial or ethnic groups form a new creation, a new cultural entity
melting pot
the process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group
assimilation
the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society
segmented assimilation
implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice or discrimination
pluralism
emphasizes the customs of African cultures and how they have pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of Blacks in the United States and around the word
Afrocentric perspective
the tendency to believe that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others’
ethnocentrism
a negative attitude toward an entire category of people
prejudice
ethnic slurs which include derisive nicknames such as honky, gook, and wetback
ethnophaulisms
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons
discrimination
the rights or immunities granted as a particular benefit or favor for being White
white privilege
prejudiced people believe they are society’s victims
scapegoating theory
anti-Jewish prejudice and dicrimination
Anti-Semitism
has basic characteristics that mean it is a personality type that is likely to be prejudiced; adherence to conventional values, uncritical acceptance of authority, and concern with power and toughness
authoritarian personality
explains how racism can stigmatize a group as inferior to justify the exploitation of that group
exploitation theory
the view that prejudice is influenced by societal normal and situations that encourage or discourage the tolerance of minorities
normative approach
unreliable generalizations about all members of a group and do not take individual differences into account
stereotypes
the ideology that one sex is superior to the other
sexism
the fear of and prejudice toward homosexuality
homophobia
any police-intiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person’s behavior
racial profiling
the use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo
color-blind racism
the tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group
social distance
measures social distance empirically
Bogardus scale
intergroup contact between people of equal status in harmonious circumstances causes them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previously held stereotypes
contact hypothesis
the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
relative deprivation
a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist
absolute deprivation
a crime in which offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic
hate crime
the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
institutional discrimination
salaries, wages, and other money received
income
all a person’s material assets
wealth
the pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy home in minority and racially changing neighborhoods
redlining
the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race of socioeconomic circumstance
environmental justice
the positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
affirmative action
government actions cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men
reverse discrimination
attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents people from reaching their full potential
glass ceiling
limitation that prevent minorities from moving laterally
glass walls
the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women
glass escalator
