Chapter 1 & 3 Flashcards
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
looks at all structures in a particular area of the body
Regional anatomy
looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)
System anatomy
looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
Surface anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology and histology
Microscopic anatomy
study of cells
Cytology
study of tissues
Histology
traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
Developmental anatomy
study of developmental changes that occur before birth
Embryology
study of functions of the kidney
Renal physiology
study of the functions of the nervous system
Neurophysiology
study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular physiology
Atoms combine to form muscles
Chemical level
cells are made up of molecules
Cellular level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Tissue level
Organs are made up of of different types of tissue
Organ level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ system level
Smallest structural and functional unit of life.
Cell
– The cell is the smallest unit of life
– All organisms are made of one or more cells
– Cells arise only from other cells
Cell theory
– Over 250 different types of human cells
– Types differ in size, shape, and subcellular components; these differences lead to differences in functions
Cell diversity
the cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is composed of
Cytosol, inclusions, organelles
gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc.
Cytosol
insoluble molecules; vary with cell type (examples: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)
Inclusions
metabolic machinery structures of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous
Organelles
– Mitochondria
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Peroxisomes
– Lysosomes
Membranous organelles
– Ribosomes
– Cytoskeleton
– Centrioles
Nonmembranous organelles
Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
Ribosomes
What are ribosomes made up of?
Proton and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that
function in cytosol or other organelles
Free ribosomes
attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from cell
Membrane-bound ribosomes
Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities. ( powerhouse of the cell)
Mitochondria
Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes
Golgi apparatus
Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes.
Lysosomes
One of three types of cytoskeletal elements; thin strands of the protein actin
Microfilaments
Tough, insoluble protein fibres constructed like woven ropes composed of tetramer fibrils
Intermediate filaments
One of three types of cytoskeletal elements; hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin.
Microtubules
Minute body found in pairs near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division.
Centriole
Tiny, hairlike projections of a cell; may move in a wave- like manner to propel substances across the exposed cell surface.
Cilia
Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
