Chapter 1 Flashcards
second step of the scientific method
Research the topic
First step of the scientific method
To ask a question
Third step of the scientific method
Create a hypothisis
Fourth step of the scientific method
Experiment your hypothesis
Fifth step of the scientific method
Analysis the data
Sixth step of the scientific method
Create a conclusion and check your data to see if your hypothesis was correct
Independent vs. dependent
The independent variable is the variable that changes and the dependent is the variable that changes based on the independent variable.
Controlled experiment
Has has only a single independent variable
What are the four major themes in biology?
1- properties emerge at each level of organization
2- living organisms interact with their environment
3- cells are the structural building blocks of life
4- evolution and unity of life
Eyepiece
The lens at the top of the body tube that the viewer looks through.
-10x magnification
Body tube
Connects the eye piece to the objective
Arm
Supports the tube and connects it tho the base
Revolving nose piece
Holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated easily to change the power
High power objective
Longest objective, used for observing fine detail.
-40x magnification
Low power objective
The next shortest after scanning objective
-10x magnification
Scanning objective
Shortest objective used for getting an overview of a slide.
-4x magnification
Coarse adjustment
brings the specimen into general focus
Fine adjustment
Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of a specimen
Mechanical stage and stage
A flat platform where you can place your slides. Moves back and forth and up and down.
Stage clip
Holds the slides in place
Diaphragm
Controls the light going through
Light
Used to illuminate the specimen
Base
Used for support
Stage opening
Allows light to pass though the specimen
Formula for field of view
Low magnification High field of view
———————- = ——————
High magnification Low field of view
Um vs. mm
1000 um = 1 mm
Control vs experimental variables
Control- Stay the same
Experimental- changes throughout the experiment
Quantitative vs qualitative
Quantitative- numbers
Qualitative- observations that don’t have #s
Levels of organization
Molecule-organelle-cells-tissues-organs-systems-organisms-populations-communities-ecosystems-biome-biosphere
Theory vs law
Theory- can be changed, in contrast to law
Law- absolute, scientifically proven
Biology
the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
Homeostasis
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal conditions.
Ecology
the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and their physical surroundings.
Heterotrophs
an organism that cannot make its own food and is dependent on complex substance for nutritions.
Metabolism
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
SI units
(International System of Units)– a system of physical units (SI Units) based on meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole, together with a set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or division of the power of ten.
Differentiation
the act or process of differentiating (to make something or someone different in some way)
Genes
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Chromosomes
a trend like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cell, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
DNA
a self replicating material present in nearly all living organisms the main constituent of chromosomes, it is the carrier of genetic information.
Hypothesis
a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further explanation.
Predictions
rigorous, often quantitative, forecasting what will happen under specific conditions.
Experiment
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
Scientific sampling
a group of cases elected from a population by a random process.
What is important for a hypothesis?
If then because statement
What is the role of observations in a scientific experiment?
The role of observations is to accept or reject a hypothesis, and to provide data for further research.
Characteristics of all living things
Have organization– regulate themselves to maintain homeostasis – show evolutionary adaptation – process energy through metabolism and intern produce by products – response to stimuli in the environments – develop and grow
Molecule
Combination of atoms
Organelle
Specialized structures within a living cell
Cells
Microscopic organism, building blocks of life
Tissues
Material in which animals and plants are made of
Organs
Part of an organism that is self contained and has a specific vital function
Systems
a regularly interacting or independent group of items forming a unified whole
Organisms
An individual animal, plant, or single felled life form.
Populations
groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time.
Communities
interacting groups of various species in the same location
Ecosystems
interacting organisms and their physical environments
Biome
The environment
Biosphere
the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere, of the earth occupied by all living things
Compound light microscope
uses a beam of light and lenses to enlarge an image, the specimen can be living or dead.
Stereoscope
Uses reflective light, good for larger specimens and dissections
Electron microscope
uses a beam of electrons to produce a micrograph. The specimens must be dead because the specimen is frozen in plastic and sliced with a microtome.It works transmitting electrons through an object to produce a flat image.
Scanning electron microscope
electrons flow over and bounce off the surface of the object to produce a 3-D image
What is an emergent property?
A property that complex systems have
Part of #1 properties emerge at each level of organization
Producers
Autotrophs
Provides food for a typical ecosystem
(Part of #2 living organisms interact with their environment)
Consumers
Heterotrophs
Eats plants and other animals
(Part of #2 living organisms interact with their environment)
How does energy move in an ecosystem?
Light energy is transformed into chemical energy and eventually into heat energy
(Part of #2 living organisms interact with their environment)
What is systems biology?
The goal is to construct models to mimic whole biological systems.
(Is in #3 cells are the structural and functional units of life)
Prokaryotic cells
Unicellular
Is in #3 cells are the structural and functional units of life
Eukaryotic cells
Multicellular
Is in #3 cells are the structural and functional units of life
What is evolution?
Species living today are descendants of ancestral species
Is in #4 evolution and unity of life
What is natural selection?
A mechanism for evolution
Is in #4 evolution and unity of life
What’s the theory of biogenesis say?
A observation that living things come only from living things, by reproduction.
Sexual vs asexual
Sexual- requires 2 of the same species
Asexual- cell division
How do nutrients move in an ecosystem?
The nutrients are cycled in an ecosystem when one eats another
(Part of #2 living organisms interact with their environment)
