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Epidemiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Did disease occur at random?

A

no

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1
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in SPECIFIED POPULATION and the APPLICATION of this study to control health problems (disease)

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2
Q

What is health?

A
  • state of well-being

- mental, emotional and physical well being of an individual

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3
Q

What is “epi” in Greek?

A

on or upon

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4
Q

What is demos in Greek?

A

people

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5
Q

what are the 4 humors and who discovered them?

A
  • Hippocrates

- 4 humors: fire water air and earth

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6
Q

Who was the first one who analyze the mortality data

A

graunt

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7
Q

Who is the father of occupational medicine and wrote “The disease of workers?

A

Ramazzini

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8
Q

Who was interested in occupational health and lived in England, noted that there is scrotum cancer in chimney workers (due to soot and chimney sweeping)?

A

Percival Pott

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9
Q

What happens in chimney sweeps?

A

people get infected with lung and respiratory issues due to dust

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10
Q

Who studied the mortality rates on dying babies and issues with mortality rates among women? (no one washed their hands during this time) He also used scientific evidence that not washing hands could lead to development of diseases.

A

Semmelweis

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11
Q

Who is Pasteur?

A

discovered pasteurization

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12
Q

Who is the father of epidemiology? and what was he involved in?

A

john snow

he took a closer look on

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13
Q

Who is Royle and what did he study?

A
  • he worked for the Public Health Service

- he studied the Framingham heart study (in MA)

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14
Q

Who are the two people that collaborated the idea of cigarettes and lung cancer?

A

Sir Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill

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15
Q

What is cholera?

A

diarrhea caused by vibrio cholera (waterborne vector)

can also be called: Rice Water

16
Q

What are the 6 uses of epidemiology?

A
  • disease prevention
  • assessing community health
  • assessing individual risk
  • completing the clinical picture
  • evaluation
  • policy development
17
Q

What were the main 3 reasons why Snow was named the father of epidemiology?

A
  1. Powers of observation
  2. Actually use epidemiological methods: mapping and used gated tables
  3. Made recommendations
18
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

prevent the clinical presentation of disease as measured by currently available techniques

  • immunizations
  • fluoridation of water to prevent cavities
  • building better cars to prevent crashes or to protect passengers
19
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

modify the severity or progression of disease

  • early diagnosis and treatment= screening or physical exams
  • improved medical care- specialized facilities
  • rehabilitation
20
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

things like rehab clinics trying to make the best for people who have illnesses and trying to slow down progression of certain diseases?

21
Q

What are the three components of epidemiology?

A
  • measure disease frequency (quantity disease)
  • assess distribution of disease (who is getting disease?, where is disease occuring?, when is disease occuring?)
  • identify determinants of disease (what increases risks? used to test hypotheses)
22
Q

What is Descriptive Epidemiology?

A
  • person: age, gender, race/ethnicity, SES, occupation, lifestyle (you cant change who you are)
  • place: neighborhood, state, environment (choosing what u do and where u live that will affect your well-being)
  • time: date of exposure, date of diagnosis, secular trends (trends, how long or short it lasts)
23
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A
  • generate hypotheses for analytic studies

- CANNOT TEST HYPOTHESES

24
Q

What are three types of descriptive studies?

A
  • case reports/ case series
  • correlational studies
  • cross sectional surveys
25
Q

What is case reports/ case series

A

describe the experience of a patient or group of patients- may lead to a new hypothesis

26
Q

What is correlational studies?

A

measure characteristics in entire POPULATIONS not individuals

27
Q

What is cross sectional surveys?

A

exposure and disease measured at the same time in a GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS

28
Q

What are some strengths of case reports/ case series?

A
  • used as an early means to identify beginning or presence of an epidemic
  • can suggest the emergence of a new disease (i.e AIDS)
29
Q

What are some limitations on case reports/ case series?

A
  • lack of appropriate comparison group
  • cannot be used to test for presence of a valid statistical association
  • not a true epidemiological design
30
Q

What are advantages of ecological studies?

A

cheap, quick and simple

31
Q

What are disadvantages of ecological studies?

A

uses average exposure levels rather than actual levels of exposure
does not relate exposure and outcome

Epidemiology (5 decks)

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