Chapter 1 Flashcards
Study of structures. (body parts)
Anatomy
What are the two branches of science?
Anatomy and Physiology
Study of large visible body parts. (Ex: heart or kidney)
Macroscopic of Gross Anatomy
Study of structures in a particular region of the body. (Ex: stomach, liver, and intestines in abdomen)
Regional Anatomy
Study of systems. (Ex: digestive and cardiovascular sys.)
Systemic Anatomy
Study of internal structures near the surface of skin. (Ex: blood vessels or sweat glands)
Surface Anatomy
Study of small structures with the aid of a microscope.
Microscope Anatomy
Study of cells.
Cytology
Study of tissues.
Histology
Study of body function.
Physiology
Study of the nervous system.
Neurophysiology
Study of kidney function and urine production.
Renal Physiology
What are the six levels of structural organization from simplest level to most complex?
1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) Organ System level
6) Organismal level
Levels of Structural Organization:
_ level
1) Consist of atoms (tiny building blocks)
2) Atoms combine to form complex molecules.
3) Molecules combine to form organelles (carry out unique functions) found in cells.
Chemical level
What are two types of molecules in the body?
1) organic
2) inorganic
Organic molecules can/ can’t have a carbon and hydrogen relationship.
Can
Inorganic molecules can/ can’t have a carbon and hydrogen relationship.
Can’t
Example of an organic molecule.
Glucose
Example of an inorganic molecule.
Water and carbon dioxide
Levels of Structural Organization:
_ level:
Consists of cells (the smallest unit if life)
Cells vary in shape, size, and function
Cellular level
Levels of Structural Organization:
_ level:
Consists of tissues produced for the aggregation of cells that are similar in function
The human body has four distinct types
Tissue level
What are the 4 distinct tissue types?
1) epithelium- skin surface
2) connective- fat and bone
3) muscle- skeletal muscle attached to bone
4) nervous- brain and nerve cells
Levels of Structural Organization:
_ level:
Consists of organs with unique functions made from two or more tissue types
Organ level
Levels of Structural Organization:
_ level:
Consists of different organs that carry out a common function
(Ex: urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, and bladder)
Organ System level
Levels of Structural Organization:
_ level:
Highest level of complexity
The human being sum total of all organ systems (11)
Organismal level
What’s the largest organ in the human body?
Skin
How many bones make up the bone skeleton?
206
Functions of Life:
Maintain Boundaries
Refers to membranes (including skin) which keep the internal environment separates from the external environment.
(Note: the membrane also serves as a boundary)
Functions of Life:
Movement
Moving body parts of substances by means of muscular contractions.
Functions of Life:
Responsiveness or Irritability
The ability to sense change in the environment and produce a response.
Functions of Life:
Digestion
The ability to breakdown food material for absorption.
Functions of Life:
Metabolism
Refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Functions of Life:
Excretion
Process of removing waste from the body.
Functions of Life:
Reproduction
The ability to make new cells for growth and development or the ability to produce a new individual involving the sex cells sperm and egg.
Functions of Life:
Growth
The ability to increase in body size.
Survival Needs:
Chemical substances used as building blocks and for energy (include: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins)
Nutrients
Survival Needs:
A gaseous component of air needed for respiration and healthy metabolism.
Oxygen
Survival Needs:
Most abundant in body (60-80%), necessary for chemical reactions and regulation of body temperature.
Water
Survival Needs:
The force that air exerts on the surface of the body; necessary for breathing and proper gas exchange (oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading).
Atmospheric Pressure
What does homeostasis mean? And what does it mean?
Unchanging
The ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
What are the 7 psychological functions regulated by homeostatic control mechanisms?
1) body temp.
2) BP
3) HR
4) breathing rate
5) glucose levels in blood
6) hormone release in blood
7) blood levels of respiratory gases and minerals
What are the 3 components of the Homeostatic Control Mechanisms?
1) receptor
2) control center
3) effector
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
Which component…
Is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending (input) information to the control center.
And it is located throughout the body.
Receptor
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
Which component…
Is the centra nervous system including the brain and spinal cord.
It determines a set point or normal range.
And it receives information from receptor and determines the appropriate response.
Control Center
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
Which component…
Can be either a muscle or a gland.
And receives (output) information from the control center.
Effector
What are two types of homeostatic control mechanisms?
1) negative feedback
2) positive feedback
Describe negative feedback.
Occurs when the output information shuts off from the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
Most of our psychological conditions are controlled by this type of system (ex: blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and body temperature)
Describe positive feedback.
Occurs when the result or responds from the effector enhances the original stimulus.
Unstable conditions could result from this type of stimulus.
It is necessary for blood clotting and labor contractions during child birth.
Membranes in the ventral body cavity:
This is a thin double-layered membrane that lines the walls of ventral cavities and the outer surfaces of the organs.
Serosa or serous membrane
Membranes in the ventral body cavity:
This is part of the membrane lining in the cavity walls.
Parietal serosa
Membranes in the ventral body cavity:
This is part of the membrane covering the organs in the cavity.
Visceral serosa
Membranes in the ventral body cavity:
This is a lubricating fluid produced by cells of the membrane to reduce friction.
Serous fluid
What are the three ventral cavities?
1) Pericardial cavity
2) Thoracic cavity
3) Abdominopelvic cavity
What is the membrane lining the walls of the pericardial cavity?
Parietal pericardium
What is the membrane covering the heart?
Visceral pericardium
What is the membrane lining the walls of the Thoracic cavity?
Parietal pleura
What is the membrane covering the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What is the membrane lining the walls of the Abdominopelvic cavity?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the membrane covering organs in the region?
Visceral peritoneum
