Chapter 1 & 2 Homeostasis & Biochem Flashcards
11 Body Systems
- 1 Integumentary System
- 2 Skeletal System
- 3 Muscular System
- 4 Nervous System
- 5 Endocrine System
- 6 Cardiovacular System
- 7 Lymphatic System/Immunity
- 8 Repiratory System
- 9 Digestive System
- 10 Urinary System
- 11 Reproductive System (Male/Female)
Level’s of understanding
Factual Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
What does our body do to maintain life?
- Maintain boundaries
- Movement
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
Define Homeostasis
Homeo = same Stasis = standing still
- Maintanence of stable internal environment.
- Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance to homeostasis resulting in disease.
Homeostasis - 5 steps in the human body
- Stimulus - produces change in variable
- Receptor - detects the change
- Input - information sent along afferent pathway to control center
- Output - information sent along efferent pathway to effector
- Response - response of effector works to reduce the effect of the stimulus and return variable to homeostatic level
Kinetic Versus Potential Energy
Kinetic energy is energy in action
Potential energy is stored energy that is inactive
e.g. body at rest, dam of water
Forms of Energy
Chemical - stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Electrical - is the result of the movement of charged particles
Mechanical - directly involved in moving matter
Radiant - travels in waves, also known as electromagnetic radiation
atoms
each element is comprised of identical particles.
the subatomic particles
nucleus - containing protons(p+) and neutrons(n0) and is positively charged
Protons and Neutrons are both 1amu (atomic mass unit)
electrons (e-) - has a negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of the proton
atoms have a neutral charge as protons and electrons are always equal
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus - written subscript to the left (Hydrogen - 1H)
atomic mass number
sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons (electron size is ignored because it’s so small)
isotopes
structural variations among like elements
Isotopes of elements have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different amount of neutrons.
radioisotopes
these are isotopes that decompose sponteneously in a process called radioactivity
molecule
a combination of two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond
what is a compound?
two ore more different kinds of atoms bind, they form molecules of a compound
e.g. two hydrogen and one oxygen atom form H20
Compounds are chemically pure; all of their molecules are identical. A molecule is the smallest part of a compound.
what is a mixture?
a mixture is a substance composed of two or more components physically intermixed.
Solutions - homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gas, liquid, or solid. (solvent - disolving medium and solutes - disolved into the solvent).
Colloid - emulsions or heterogeneous mixtures - their composition is dissimilar in different ares of the mixture. Solutes do not settle out.
Suspensions - heterogeneous mixtures with large solutes that tend to settle out.
what is a chemical bond?
it is an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms
where do electrons reside
the electron shell which surround the nucleus of the atom.
The limit currently observed is seven shells.
Each shell has one or more orbitals.
Energy level and electron shell are used interchangably. Each shell represent a different energy level.
Electron Shell limits
the first shell is full with 2 electrons
shell 2 holds 8
shell 3 holds 18
subsequent shells hold more
when are atoms inert?
when the outermost shell is full or contains 8 electrons.
What are the three chemical bonds?
Ionic - formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from atom to the other. Strongest
Covalent - shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms satisfying the stabiilty needs of each atom. Intermediate
Hydrogen - takes place between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an atom with a partial negative charge. Weakest
What is a chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.
What are the three types of chemical reaction?
Synthesis (or combination) - always involves bond formation and are the basis of constructive or anabolic activities in the body.
Decomposition - are the reverse of synthesis reactions. Bonds are broken. These underly all catabolic processes in the body.
Exchange (or displacement) - involves both breakdown and synthesis.