Chapter 1&2 Flashcards
Is a midsagittal plane the same as the median plane?
Yes, the terms have the same meaning
What are the terms of direction?
Superficial vs. Deep
Superior/cranial vs. inferior/caudal
Medial vs. lateral
Proximal vs. distal
Anterior/ventral vs. posterior/dorsal
Afferent vs. Efferent?
Afferent means moving towards a structure
Efferent means moving away from a structure
What is the Lymphatic System?
a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials
What is the nervous system?
the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body
What are examples of somatic/ parital structures?
(somatic= pertaining to the body wall)
Skin, bones, skeletal muscle, and the body wall.
What are examples of visceral/ splanchnic structures?
(visceral= pertaining to the organs)
Lungs, heart, glands, organs of the gastrointestinal tract, etc.
What is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system?
Neuron
What are the three main parts of a neuron?
Perikaryon (cell body of neuron; contains nucleus & other organelles that form neurotransmitters)
Axon (cell process)
Dendrites (cell process)
What is a dendrite?
Receptor surface of neuron.
Carries nerve impulses TOWARD the cell body (affent)
What are axons?
Carries impulses away from the cell body (efferent)
Referred to as nerve fibers.
May be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS or unmyelinated.
Motor Neuron?
Carries info from the central nervous system (efferent) to peripheral muscles; causing contractions.
Sensory Neuron?
Carries sensations (pain and temperature) to the central nervous system (afferent)
What is the difference between multipolar and pseudounipolar neuron?
Multipolar neurons: multiple dendrites
Pseudounipolar neurons: single process splits into peripheal and central processes
Are all pseudounipolar neurons sensory?
Are all multiple neruons motor?
Yes.
No. Depending on location, these neurons can be motor or sensory.
If the ventral horn and intermediolateral cell column have a motor function, what type of neurons are located in these areas?
multipolar neurons
Dorsal median sulcus: a narrow midline cleft on the dorsal surface
Ventral median fissure: a broader midline cleft on the ventral surface
Gray matter: a cluster of perikaya (nerve cell bodies); H-shape
–Ventral horn: the lower arms; contains the alpha motor neurons. Innervates skeletal muscles of the trunk
–Dorsal horn: the upper arms; sensory nerves that relay info to the brain
–Intermediolateral cell column: the thoracis and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord between T1 & L2; triangular shaped extension of the gray matter
White matter: area of myelinated nerves in fresh tissue surrounding grey matter
The spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by a series of two pairs of rootlets: the Dorsal & Ventral roots
Where is the command center of the body located?
The head
What does intrinsic muscles mean?
Muscles found exclusively in the neck
What does fascia form?
Functional compartments of connective tissue
What is the purpose of the neck?
to move the head & serve as conduit for structures passing to and from the head & trunk
What connects oral cavity to the stomach?
Esophagus
What connects the nasal cavities to the lungs?
The trachea
What system is the sympathatic and parasympathatic sysytem apart of?
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system which also includes the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system activates what is often termed the fight of flight response. The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body’s unconscious actions. Ex:Sweating
The parasympathetic system aka rest and digest system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
The parasympathetic system responsible for stimulation of activities that occur when the body is at rest especially after eating, ex:salivation,lacrimation, digestion, defecation.
What does the typatic cavity contain?
The orbit?
contains the cochlear (hearing) & vestibular apparatus (equilibrium)
The orbit contains the eyes (vision)
Cranial Cavity?
Nasal Cavity?
Oral Cavity?
Cranial cavity: encases the brain
Nasal cavity: humidifies & cleanses the air & contains receptors for the sense of smell
Oral cavity: contains the teeth, tongue and supporting structures. Important to the RDH
KNOW how to divide the body
Median plane
–Divides body into equal left and right halves
Sagittal plane
–Divides body into unequal left and right parts
Frontal plane
–Divides body into front and back parts
Transverse/horizontal plane
–Divides body into upper and lower parts
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter muscle
Temporal muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle
What are the differences between bone and cartilage?
Bone:
–Mineralized connective tissue
–Rigid and bears weight
–Changes shape with pressure
Cartilage:
–Firm, but nonmineralized
–Limited weight-bearing
Functions of bone?
- Attachment
- Protection
- Support
- Storage
The phalanges are short in length. Why are they called long bones?
Long bones have a narrow diaphysis, or shaft, for the attachment of muscles, and epiphyses for the articulation of synovial joints.
Examples of irregular bones
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bone
Composition of long bone
Spongy bone
Long bone (narrow diaphysis)
What are joints and its classification?
Joints are contact points between bones.
Classification
–Fibrous
–Cartilaginous
–Synovial
What connective tissue binds the teeth to the bone?
Periodontal ligament
What is the difference between a synchondrosis and a synostosis?
The synchondrosis represents the cartilaginous growth plate between bones. Once the bone has stopped growing the cartilage is replaced by bone, and the joint is called a synostosis.
In addition to joining the bodies of the vertebrae, what is another function of the intervertebral disc?
Act as a shock absober?
Most abundant joint in the body?
Synovial Joint: fully moveable joint
What is the difference between a foramen and a notch?
A foramen is a small opening in a bone, whereas a notch is not totally enclosed by bone.
What is a protuberance?
A relatively large rounded elevation or bulge.
What is a condyle?
An oval-shaped protuberance located at articulations between bones.
What structure passes through the foramen magnum?
The medulla of the brain stem
What two bones form the Zygomatic arch?
The temporal and zygomatic bones
What two bones form the hard palate?
The horizontal plate of palatine bone and palatine process of maxillary bone.
What is a crest?
Roughened ridges on the surface of the bone
What is attatched to the frontal crest?
Dura mater
The orbital plate and frontal crest make up the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. What is a fossa?
A large depressed area
What is a foramen?
A large opening in a bone
What is a canal?
A narrow tube-line channel through bone.
What structure passes through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal nerve
What is a process?
A relatively large extension
What is a tubercle?
A small, round eminence on a bone
What is a meatus?
A channel through the bone with a wide opening
What structure is located in the mandibular fossa?
The mandibular condyle, which forms the temporomandibular joint.
What structure exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?
The facial nerve (VII)
What structure enters the skull through the carotid canal?
The internal carotid artery
What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
The facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII)
What structures pass through the jugular foramen?
The glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) nerves; internal jugular vein
What structure passes through the openings in the cribriform plate?
The fila olfactoria (nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve)
What attaches to the crista galli?
The dura mater
What facial bone helps the nasal septum?
The vomer
What does the term concha mean?
Shell shaped
Why is the inferior nasal concha not a part of the ethmoid bone?
The inferior concha is separate and is one of the facial bones.
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
What is the boundary between the middle and posterior cranial fossae?
What is the boundary between the middle and posterior cranial fossae?
Is the foramen lacerum a true foramen in the living?
No, the opening is filled with cartilage in real life
Name the bone and feature that the condylar process articulates.
The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
What is the name of the articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What is a fovea?
A shallow depression; in this case for the attachment of muscle
What is located in the transverse foramen?
The vertebral artery
What is the difference between the vertebral canal and a vertebral foramen?
The vertebral canal is formed by the stacking of the vertebra, forming one continuous opening
What type of joint is the articulation of the body of the vertebrae and the intervertebral disc?
A symphisis
The vertebral column needs to be able to move. What type of joint is formed between the articular processes?
A synovial joint
What structures are located in the intervertebral disk?
The exiting points of the dorsal and ventral rootlets of the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglion.
How many types of joints are found in the vertebral column? Name them.
Two. Synovial and Symphysis
What arch of the atlas does the dens articulate?
The anterior arch
What type of joint is formed between the anterior arch of the atlas and the dens of the axis?
A synovial joint
