Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4 exam review Flashcards
0
Q
Viruses are composed of what?
A
Nucleic acids and proteins
1
Q
Viruses are acellular which means what?
A
That they have no organelles.
2
Q
Why does parasitic means?
A
They must infect the host in order to reproduce
3
Q
Why do viruses do not have all the characteristics of life?
A
Because they cannot metabolize or grow.
4
Q
Viruses evolutionary pathways unclear but they can?
A
Mutate and evolve.
5
Q
Define viron?
A
They are single virus particle; their basic structure are Nucleic acids.
6
Q
What are capsids?
A
Protein external covering.
7
Q
What are the four main shapes of viruses?
A
- ) Filaments: long and cylindrical
- ) Isometric: spherical
- ) Envelope: extra membrane surrounding the capsid
- ) Head and tail
8
Q
What are DNA viruses?
A
DNA directs host cells replication. It makes new copies of viral genome and then transcribe and translate the viral protein.
9
Q
What do RNA viruses do?
A
Makes enzymes that can replicate RNA into DNA.
10
Q
What is a genome?
A
It only needs the genetic info to create proteins not present in host cell.
11
Q
The virus classification system is also called the what?
A
Baltimore classification, which look at genetic info on how the mRNA is created and the structure of the capsid.
12
Q
The classification has how many groups?
A
7
13
Q
What is a replication?
A
DNA making DNA
14
Q
What is transcription?
A
DNA making RNA
15
Q
What is translation?
A
RNA making proteins.
16
Q
What are the four steps of a virus infection?
A
- ) Attachment
- ) Entry
- ) Replication
- ) Egress
17
Q
What is attachment?
A
Virus will bind specific receptors
18
Q
What is entry?
A
Genetic info will enter host cell the capsid remains outside.
19
Q
What is replication and assembly?
A
Virus incorporates its genetic info into host cell and uses host cell to create new virons.
20
Q
What is egress ?
A
Releases new virons from host cell
21
Q
What is cell death?
A
Apoptosis
22
Q
What is bacteriophage?
A
Virus that infect bacteria.
23
Q
How do animal cells affect the host?
A
They enter through receptor mediated endocytosis.
24
How do plant cell viruses affect the host?
They are transmitted through damage to the plant. It penetrates the cell wall. Infected cells may commit suiccide to prevent spread.
25
How do vaccines help build immunity?
Viruses help build immunity through live or dead viruses
26
What is more effective live or dead viruses?
Live vaccines are more effective, however there is a small chance they can mutate to become infectious
27
What is the lyric phase?
The viruses created, immediately released and then the bacteria cell bursts.
28
What is the lysoggenic phase?
The virus DNA is incorporated into bacteria .
29
What is endocytosis
Vesicles transports out to in
30
What is horizontal transfer?
Viruses enter plant through damaged tissue.
31
What is vertical transmission?
Parent plant passes the virus to offspring through reproduction.
32
Define prokaryotes?
Are singled organisms with no internal organelles that just group together.
33
What are microbial mat?
Mixture of bacteria and Archae. Multiple layers of cells held together with extra cellular matrix.
34
What does anaerobic mean?
Does not use oxygen.
35
What is Cyanobacteria?
They was the first to use oxygen.
36
What are extremophiles?
A group that lives in extreme conditions.
37
What is a Biofilm?
A community of micro organisms. Example would be your teeth.
38
What are the five kingdoms scientist grouped living things?
Animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes.
39
Carl Woese and other scientist proposed what?
That all life on Earth evolved along three lineages, called domains.
40
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
41
Which two of the three domains are prokaryotic?
Bacteria and Archaea.
42
What is the preferred condition of acidophiles?
A pH of 3 or below.
43
What is the preferred condition for growth for alkallphiles?
A pH of 9 or above
44
What is the preferred condition of thermophiles?
A temperature of 60 to 80 degrees Celsius.
45
What is the preferred condition for hyperthermophiles?
80 to 122 degrees Celsius
46
What is the preferred condition of pyschrophiles?
15 to 10 degrees Celsius or lower
47
What is the prefers condition of Halophiles?
Salt concentration of at least 0.2 M
48
What is the prefers condition of osmosphiles?
High sugar concentration
49
Who was credited with discovering the techniques for pure culture?
German physician Robert Koch
50
Who invented the Petri dish?
Julius Petri
51
99 percent of what is unculturable?
Bacteria and archaea
52
What is the process of resuscitation?
The prokaryotic can go back to normal life when environmental conditions improve.
53
What is the lyric phase?
The viruses created, immediately released and then the bacteria cell bursts.
54
What is the Lysogenic phase?
The virus DNA is incorporated into bacteria, dormant.
55
In the Baltimore classification system group 1 is what?
Double stranded DNA transcribes directly from DNA.
56
What happens in group 2 of the Baltimore classification system?
Single stranded DNA becomes double stranded before transcription.
57
What happens in group 4 single stranded RNA+?
Genome functions as mRNA.
58
What happens in group 5 single stranded RNA-?
Transcribe from RNA
59
What happens in group 6 RNA with reverse transcriptase?
It makes DNA from RNA, DNA transcribes mRNA in host?
60
What happens in group 7 DNA with reverse transcriptase?
DNA replicated with RNA intermediate, transcribes.
61
What is the domain of the Protista?
Eukarya
62
What is the cell type of the Protista?
?
63
Is Protista single cell or multi celled?
Both
64
Why are Protista considered misfits?
They are similar to plants, animals, or fungi but didn't meet all of the qualification.
65
Why are Protista diverse in regards to metabolism, respiration, cell structures, reproduction, and habitants?
There cell structures are similar to some animals and plants. There metabolism are that of autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers, and parasites. There respiration is aerobic and anaerobic. There movement can be flagella and cilia. There reproduction can be asexual and sexual. There habitats are terrestrial, freshwater, marine, soil, snow.
66
What are the groups and example of Protista?
```
Excavata- Example: trypanosome Brunei
Alveolates- Example: paramecium
Stramenopiles- Example: kelp
Rhizaria- Example: ammonia tepida
Archaeplastida- Example: Red Algae or Green Algae
Amoebozoa- Example: Amoeba proteus
Opisthokonta- Example: Parasites
```
67
Name two Protista that are photosynthetic?
Alveolates: dinoflagellates and stramenopiles: diatoms
68
Name two Protista that are multi cellular?
Archaeplastida: red and green algae and stramenopiles: brown algae
69
Give two examples of Protista that are single celled?
Excavata and rhizaria
70
Give two example of Protista that exhibit movement and explain what type?
Excavata: flagella and rhizaria radiolarians: cilia
71
State which Protista is closely related to a plant?
Stramenopiles and archaeplastida
72
State which Protista is similar to fungi?
Amoebozoa
73
What Protista is parasitic and state what disease it causes
Alveolates cause red tide blooms.
74
What is the domain of a fungi?
Eukaryotes
75
What is the cell type of a fungi?
Multi and single cell
76
Is the fungi are single or multi celled?
Both
77
How fungi obtain nutrients and how they digest?
They are heterotrophic many are decomposers that recycle nutrients
78
Are fungi sexual or asexual?
Both
79
What is the name of the haploid cell used for fungi reproduction
They use spores
80
What is the polysaccharide found in the cell wall of a fungi?
Chitin
81
Define saprobe?
Organism that derives nutrients from decaying organic matter; also saprophyte
82
Define hypha?
Fungal filament composed of one or more cells
83
Define mycelium?
Mass of fungal hyphae
84
Define septa?
Cell wall division between hyphae.
85
What is the environment of fungi?
Typically grow in moist, dark, slightly acidic environments
86
Define zygospore?
Structure with thick cell wall that contains the zygote in zygomycetes.
87
What are the three stages of sexual reproduction of fungi?
Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
88
Define basidiocarp?
Fruiting body that produces from the group and bears the basidia.
89
Define basidia?
Club shaped structure
90
What is the two organisms associated with Mycorrhiza?
Plants benefit: mineral and water
| Fungi benefit: nutrition
91
What are the two organisms in lichen and how each benefits?
Algae benefit: minerals and protection
| Fungi benefit: get nutrients
92
Define mycotoxicosis?
Poisoning of animals by consuming fungal contaminated foods.
93
Two examples of how fungi impact humans?
Penicillin and human food source
94
What is the structure of microbial mat?
It is a mixture of bacteria and archaea. Multiple layers of cells held together with extra cellular matrix.
95
What do biofilm a secrete to hold them together?
Polysaccharide
96
Define ribosome?
Makes protien
97
Define nucleiod region?
Mass of DNA
98
Define Pilus?
Attachment
99
Define plasmid?
Extra DNA, gives antibiotic resistance
100
What are the three basic cells and there shape?
Cocci-spherical
Bacillus-rod shaped
Spirilli- spiral
101
What is different in the plasma membrane between bacteria and archaea?
Bacteria: double layer of phospholipids
Archaea: bilayer of isoprenes
102
Is the bacteria phyla proteobacteria gram positive or negative?
Gram negative
103
Is the bacteria phyla Cyanobacteria gram positive or gram negative?
Gram negative
104
Is the bacteria phyla spirochaetes gram positive or gram negative?
Gram negative
105
Is the bacteria phyla spirochaetes gram positive or gram negative?
Gram negative
106
Is the bacteria phyla firmicutes gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive
107
The archaea phyla euryarchaeota lives in what kind of environment?
Anaerobic and Halophiles
108
The archaea phyla crenarchaeota lives in what kind of environment?
Acidophiles and thermophiles
109
The archaea phyla korarchaeota lives in what kind of environment?
Thermophiles
110
Horizontal gene transfer stage transformation:
Bacteria takes DNA from the environment
111
Horizontal gene transfer transduction:
Bacteriophages move DNA between bacteria
112
Horizontal gene transfer conjugation:
DNA transferred between bacteria through a pilus
113
What are the four structures a cell must have?
Membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, and DNA
114
A cell wall that is gram negative have a low concentration of?
Peptidoglycen
115
A cell with gram positive has a high concentration of?
Peptidoglycen
116
Define plasmogamy?
2 haploid cells fuse from different strains creating special dikaryotic cell.
117
Define karyogamy?
2 haploid spores, released into environment
