Chapter 1 + 2 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Four main ethnic groups in the early 20th century
Han
Manchu
Mongol
Tibetan
Rights in 20th century
Mandarins had lots
Peasants had few
Woman were sold like cattle
Causes for weakened power of emporer in 20th century
Britain had gained victory in opium wars
Japan had defeated China
France had seized territory in the south
Reason for resentments towards Qing
Had given rights to foreign powers to exploit chinas economic resources
Brought western technology
Christianity missionaries
Foreign devils
Causes of boxer uprising
Emporer gaungxu accepted 21 demands which gave foreigners power
Emporer cixi did not agreee and seized power
Chinese did not agree as foreign devils
Cixi encouraged attacks on foreigners to avoid criticism
Events of boxer rebellion
Boxers began carrying out attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christian’s
Boxers were mostly peasants who had suffered from famines and flooding and believed concessions given to foreigners made their life harder
Attacked Christian missionaries, burned down churches and schools, killed the German ambassador.
Westerners retreated to British legation were they were surrounded by the boxers for 55 days.
Cixi declared war on the foreigners
Westerners raised an international force which defeated the siege
Many boxers were executed in the streets
Cixi fled to xian
Impact of the boxer uprising
Showed that the imperial china was not able to become free from foreign control
Hurt reputation of Qing dynasty
Westerners requested reparations
Demand that Chinas military was destroyed and aresenal of weapons
Cixi was eventually allowed to return and tried to issue reforms to strengthen support
Self strengthening reforms
Abolition of foot binding
Nationalisation of the railways
The 1911 revolution causes
Weak government
Failure of political reforms
Consequences of army reform
Spread of revolutionary ideas
Growing resentment over chinas control of railways
Weak government
Both emporer gaungxu and emporer cixi died
New emporer was 2 year old puyi
Gaungxu brother ruled as regent
Had little experience
Failure of political reforms
Reforms were too little and too late
Limits placed on provincial assemblies meant that only 0.4 percent of the population had the right to vote
Led to increased demand for reforms and failure of government to execute led to increased support for a revolution
Consequences of army reforms
The reform of the army was expensive so chun increased taxes on tea,wine, salt and land.
These were on top of taxes that had to be paid due to the reparations of the boxer rebellion
Prince chub dismissed general yuan shikai
Created high opposition due to heavy taxes and maid a powerful enemy as shikai promised he would get revenge
Spread of revolutionary ideas
Sun yatsen who had been educated in the west brought ideas of nationalism and republicanism back to China
He believed the dynasty had to be overthrown in order for china to modernise
Forced into exile
But his ideas spread through china across the youth
Growing resentment towards chinas control of railways
Nationalisation increased Manchu control and owners were angry they did not receive compensation
This anger increased as the Qing expanded the railways by borrowing money form western powers
Foreign devils more chance of revolution
Events of the 1911 revolution
Young revolutionaries accidentally exploded a bomb in Hakou
Acted as a signal for wider revolt
The next days soldiers began mutiny which event spread to all but three provinces of south Beijing
They declared themselves to be independent for government control
Han soldiers attacked Manchus
Lacked leader so found one in yuan shikai - returned to Beijing to build a Han government
Results of revolution
Sun yatsen returned as offered president
Yaun shikai encouraged him to step down to allow him to be president
In return promised to persuade the Manchus to abdicate and set up a republic
Yaun issued abdication of five year old puyi
The warlord era
After Yauns death there was no military general who could rule china with the same authority
Central government collapsed
Sense there was still a republican government in Beijing power was excersised my local generals in their own province
Originally generals were selected my yuan shikai by eventually more powerful men took over with harsher regimes
Zang zongzhan
General warlord who believed in splitting open the heads of opponents
“Splitting melons”
Suffering due to warlords
Caused great suffering
Cruel
When drough struck in 1918 there was no central government to organise relief
As a result increased number turned to revolutionary ideas
May the fourth movement
Driven by the terms that Japan was to be given German possessions in teh shandong province
On 4th of may 1919 students from Beijing university led a protest in tinamen square calling on the government to resist the humiliating treatment of China.
The movement spread across cities and ass a result teh government refused to sign the treaty
Caused the new tide which was rejection of old ideas and demand for new modern ones such as freedom , democracy and equal rights
Sun yatsen return
When he returned in 1917 he set up his own nationalist government in guangzhou
It was here that he declared the formation of the nationalist party the GMD
He announced his political ideology teh “three principles of the people”
Main aim was to solve poverty and remove foreign control
He set up the nra as his army
Assisted by teh Bolshevik’s in Russia
Chiang Kai chek replaced Sun yatsen when he died
CCP
The CCP was founded in secret in a girls school in Shanghai in June of 1921
Chen duxi a member of the may teh fourth movement was elected as the general secretary
Mao Zedong was invited to join the leadership
He would later emerg as leader
The influence of the soveits communism
The Bolshevik government in Russia wanted to encourage the spread of revolution and to protect its border with China
In the 1920a it decided the best way to do this was to work with the GMD as the CCP was too small
Encouraged the CCP to work with the GMD to overthrow warlords
Russia provided funding and the CCP became a group within teh aGMD
The establishment of the united front
To destroy the warlords
Expel foreigners from China
Improve lives of ordinary Chinese people
This formed teh united front