Chapter 1 + 2

Question 1

Four main ethnic groups in the early 20th century

Answer 1

Han
Manchu
Mongol
Tibetan

Question 2

Rights in 20th century

Answer 2

Mandarins had lots
Peasants had few
Woman were sold like cattle

Question 3

Causes for weakened power of emporer in 20th century

Answer 3

Britain had gained victory in opium wars
Japan had defeated China
France had seized territory in the south

Question 4

Reason for resentments towards Qing

Answer 4

Had given rights to foreign powers to exploit chinas economic resources
Brought western technology
Christianity missionaries
Foreign devils

Question 5

Causes of boxer uprising

Answer 5

Emporer gaungxu accepted 21 demands which gave foreigners power
Emporer cixi did not agreee and seized power
Chinese did not agree as foreign devils
Cixi encouraged attacks on foreigners to avoid criticism

Question 6

Events of boxer rebellion

Answer 6

Boxers began carrying out attacks on foreigners and Chinese Christian’s
Boxers were mostly peasants who had suffered from famines and flooding and believed concessions given to foreigners made their life harder
Attacked Christian missionaries, burned down churches and schools, killed the German ambassador.

Westerners retreated to British legation were they were surrounded by the boxers for 55 days.
Cixi declared war on the foreigners
Westerners raised an international force which defeated the siege
Many boxers were executed in the streets
Cixi fled to xian

Question 7

Impact of the boxer uprising

Answer 7

Showed that the imperial china was not able to become free from foreign control
Hurt reputation of Qing dynasty
Westerners requested reparations
Demand that Chinas military was destroyed and aresenal of weapons
Cixi was eventually allowed to return and tried to issue reforms to strengthen support

Question 8

Self strengthening reforms

Answer 8

Abolition of foot binding
Nationalisation of the railways

Question 9

The 1911 revolution causes

Answer 9

Weak government
Failure of political reforms
Consequences of army reform
Spread of revolutionary ideas
Growing resentment over chinas control of railways

Question 10

Weak government

Answer 10

Both emporer gaungxu and emporer cixi died
New emporer was 2 year old puyi
Gaungxu brother ruled as regent
Had little experience

Question 11

Failure of political reforms

Answer 11

Reforms were too little and too late
Limits placed on provincial assemblies meant that only 0.4 percent of the population had the right to vote
Led to increased demand for reforms and failure of government to execute led to increased support for a revolution

Question 12

Consequences of army reforms

Answer 12

The reform of the army was expensive so chun increased taxes on tea,wine, salt and land.
These were on top of taxes that had to be paid due to the reparations of the boxer rebellion
Prince chub dismissed general yuan shikai
Created high opposition due to heavy taxes and maid a powerful enemy as shikai promised he would get revenge

Question 13

Spread of revolutionary ideas

Answer 13

Sun yatsen who had been educated in the west brought ideas of nationalism and republicanism back to China
He believed the dynasty had to be overthrown in order for china to modernise
Forced into exile
But his ideas spread through china across the youth

Question 14

Growing resentment towards chinas control of railways

Answer 14

Nationalisation increased Manchu control and owners were angry they did not receive compensation
This anger increased as the Qing expanded the railways by borrowing money form western powers
Foreign devils more chance of revolution

Question 15

Events of the 1911 revolution

Answer 15

Young revolutionaries accidentally exploded a bomb in Hakou
Acted as a signal for wider revolt
The next days soldiers began mutiny which event spread to all but three provinces of south Beijing
They declared themselves to be independent for government control
Han soldiers attacked Manchus
Lacked leader so found one in yuan shikai - returned to Beijing to build a Han government

Question 16

Results of revolution

Answer 16

Sun yatsen returned as offered president
Yaun shikai encouraged him to step down to allow him to be president
In return promised to persuade the Manchus to abdicate and set up a republic
Yaun issued abdication of five year old puyi

Question 17

The warlord era

Answer 17

After Yauns death there was no military general who could rule china with the same authority
Central government collapsed
Sense there was still a republican government in Beijing power was excersised my local generals in their own province
Originally generals were selected my yuan shikai by eventually more powerful men took over with harsher regimes

Question 18

Zang zongzhan

Answer 18

General warlord who believed in splitting open the heads of opponents
“Splitting melons”

Question 19

Suffering due to warlords

Answer 19

Caused great suffering
Cruel
When drough struck in 1918 there was no central government to organise relief
As a result increased number turned to revolutionary ideas

Question 20

May the fourth movement

Answer 20

Driven by the terms that Japan was to be given German possessions in teh shandong province
On 4th of may 1919 students from Beijing university led a protest in tinamen square calling on the government to resist the humiliating treatment of China.
The movement spread across cities and ass a result teh government refused to sign the treaty

Caused the new tide which was rejection of old ideas and demand for new modern ones such as freedom , democracy and equal rights

Question 21

Sun yatsen return

Answer 21

When he returned in 1917 he set up his own nationalist government in guangzhou
It was here that he declared the formation of the nationalist party the GMD
He announced his political ideology teh “three principles of the people”
Main aim was to solve poverty and remove foreign control
He set up the nra as his army
Assisted by teh Bolshevik’s in Russia
Chiang Kai chek replaced Sun yatsen when he died

Question 22

CCP

Answer 22

The CCP was founded in secret in a girls school in Shanghai in June of 1921
Chen duxi a member of the may teh fourth movement was elected as the general secretary
Mao Zedong was invited to join the leadership
He would later emerg as leader

Question 23

The influence of the soveits communism

Answer 23

The Bolshevik government in Russia wanted to encourage the spread of revolution and to protect its border with China
In the 1920a it decided the best way to do this was to work with the GMD as the CCP was too small
Encouraged the CCP to work with the GMD to overthrow warlords
Russia provided funding and the CCP became a group within teh aGMD

Question 24

The establishment of the united front

Answer 24

To destroy the warlords
Expel foreigners from China
Improve lives of ordinary Chinese people

This formed teh united front

Question 25

The northern expedition

Answer 25

Directed against the warlords
Strategies was to surround each individual warlord army and cut of supply lines and steadily destroy it
Troops taught to treat local peasants with respect and pay for food so they could win support for the local populations who were tired of the warlords

Question 26

Reasons for victory of united front

Answer 26

Strength in tactics
Gaining support for peasants
Chiangs bribes to warlord’s sayings they could keep their private army’s

Question 27

Fall of united front

Answer 27

Chiang decided after the defeat of the warlords it had served its purpose
Chiang had suspicions of the communists
Chiang rich businessman and GMD relied on business for financial support
They would never accept the idea of communism and its aim to overthrow communism
Communists had organised strike and left wing uprising in Shanghai and GMD used this as an opportunity to destroy communists

Question 28

The Shanghai massacres

Answer 28

GMD took control of Shanghai
Turned on communists and began a frenzy of killing
Known as white terror
5000 killed
Attacks spread to other areas in Hunan and more than a quarter of a million were killed

Question 29

The extermination campaign

Answer 29

Chiang was determined to destroy the communists
He believed they were an even greater threat that the warlords
Chinag intended to surround and destroy the communists but this plan failed

Question 30

The jiangxi soveit

Answer 30

When Chiang launched the white terror the communists hid in the jiangang mountains
There they organised the jiangxi soveit
It was here that Mao developed his communism that relied on the peasants as the force of revolution
Although Mao was successful the continued attacks from teh GMD threaten it so Mao the long march

Question 31

The events of the long march

Answer 31

They were followed by the GMD army
And fought many battles
Mao began the march away from the GMD on multiple different terrains making it hard to follow and their movement unpredictable
Acted as excellent propaganda
Encouraged support from peasants who had been treated well by the soldiers
Established Mao as leader of CCP and let him develop communism in yunan

Question 32

War with Japan

Answer 32

Japan had a long history of wanting to own Chinese territory
In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria and made it into a puppet state
They moved to Shanghai which was forced to submit to them
At first chinag allowed japans progression but Thsi was unpopular so he launched a war with Japan in 1937

Question 33

Formation of second united front

Answer 33

The CCP and GMD rejoined to remove Japan from China
After the Japanese bombing of pearl harbour in December of that year Allies supplied china with teh resources neede to defeat Japan
The two a bombs dropped in 1945 ended the war

Question 34

The role of the red army

Answer 34

CCP support had increased rapidly
Many peasants were recruited into the red army
Due to this they were able to use guerilla tactics and ambushed Japanese forces
Mao used the win of the war as pronto gain support

Question 35

Limitations of GMD

Answer 35

Had little impact of Japan army
GMD areas suffered heavy bombings
Unpopular with peasants
Government was dishonest

Question 36

The outbreak of the civil war

Answer 36

Ching GMD tried to occupy CCP land
CCP tried to occupy GMD land
Soveits sent red army to Manchuria to try claim that region
When the GMD tried to set up a new government war broke out in a struggle for control of China

Question 37

Key stages of civil war

Answer 37

Initial success of GMD - communists lost control of Yanan
Communists now PLA army secured control of Manchuria - guerilla tactics

PLA launched full scale attacks on GMD - conventional warfare
GMD territory shrunk

Communists won

Question 38

The battle of Huai-Huai

Question 39

Reasons for success of Mao in civil war

Answer 39

Mao was a higher skilled leader than Chiang
The PLA used a wide range of tactics that were adapted based in each situation whereas the GMD did not
The PLA was a disciplined army that was motivated by its be,if in communism - the GMD was conscript and was poorly supplied leading to mass death