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MRI Bill Faulkner > Chapter 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

The MR magnet produces the

A

external or “static magnetic field

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2
Q

The static field is also referred to as

A

B0 (B-zero)

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3
Q

The main purpose of B0 is to

A

magnetize the tissue

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4
Q

The term “static” means

A

that the field is constant

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5
Q

The units for magnetic field strength is expressed as

A

units of Tesla (T) or Gauss (G)

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6
Q

1 Tesla = ______ Gauss

A

10,000

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7
Q

There are 2 basic types of magnets:

A

permanent magnets and electromagnets

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8
Q

Permanent Magnet

A

made of materials which create their own persistent magnetic field; examples include simple bar magnet and horseshoe magnet

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9
Q

Characteristics of Permanent Magnet System

A

-magnet is produced by materials which are permanently magnetic
-magnetic field cannot be turned off
-no electric current is applied to create the magnetic field
-can only produce field strengths up to 0.35 T
-very heavy, 40,000lbs

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10
Q

A magnetic field is produced

A

any time current is flowing through a conductor

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11
Q

When a current flows through a conductor

A

a magnetic field is created perpendicular to the direction of current flow

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12
Q

Resistive MR System

A

-magnetic field is created by wrapping wire around an iron core
-when electrical current is applied, a magnetic field is generated
-field strength between 0.2-0.6 tesla

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13
Q

The main characteristic of resistive MR system is

A

the magnetic field is only present when electrical current is actively applied to the coils.

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14
Q

The only type of MR system that is routinely turned on and off

A

resistive MR system

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15
Q

The resistance of a conductor refers

A

to amount of opposition to current flow.
-higher the resistance, greater the opposition to current flow
-heat results because of this

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16
Q

Reducing the temperature of a conductor

A

will reduce resistance.

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17
Q

What does Superconductors refer to?

A

refers to materials whose resistance drops to zero when they are cooled below their critical temperature.

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18
Q

In a coil of superconductive wire,

A

electrical current can persist indefinitely with no external power source being applied.

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19
Q

How is a superconductive MR system cooled?

A

In a superconducting MR, the conductive wire is bathed in liquid helium to reduce it’s temperature.

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20
Q

In order to maintain helium in it’s liquid state,

A

it must be maintained at 4 Kelvin (4 K)
equal to 452.5 degree F

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21
Q

How does liquid helium maintain it’s temperature?

A

Liquid helium must be in vacuum to maintain a liquid at 4 Kelvin

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22
Q

What is cryostat?

A

the vacuum sealed chamber within a superconductive magnet which holds the conductive wire and liquid helium

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23
Q

What happens if the temp of liquid helium rises?

A

If the temp of liquid helium, rises ever so slightly for any reason it will expand to it’s gaseous state

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24
Q

What is the ratio at which liquid helium will expand?

A

760:1
one liter of liquid helium will expand to 760 liters of helium gas

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25
Q

Most superconducting magnets can hold how much helium?

A

upwards to 1000 liters which would result in 3/4 million liters of gas if it were to heat and expand

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26
Q

What is a quench?

A

sudden loss of magnetic field
helium gas must be vented out of the scan room

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27
Q

What is a major benefit of using superconductive magnets for MR systems?

A

higher field strengths
clinical MR systems range from 0.7 T to 3 T
research 7.0-11.0 T and higher

28
Q

The direction of the magnetic field (depending on the system)

A

may be vertical or horizontal.

29
Q

The head to foot direction of the body is annotated

A

z axis
transverse plane

30
Q

The right to left direction of the body is annotated

A

x axis
sagittal plane

31
Q

The anterior to posterior direction of the body is annotated

A

y axis
coronal plane

32
Q

In cylindrical or horizontal bore, the direction of the B0 (magnetic field) would be along the

A

z axis

33
Q

In a vertical field MR, the direction of the B0 (magnetic field) would be along the

A

y axis

34
Q

Where should the fringe field line be?

A

As close to the MR system as possible.
it is desirable to confine the stray (fringe) field so the the 5 gauss line is contained as close to the MR system as possible.

35
Q

What is magnetic shielding?

A

to reshape and/or reduce the fringe field

36
Q

What is passive shielding?

A

uses metal (iron) in the scan room walls or around the magnet itself

37
Q

What is active shielding?

A

using additional coils within the magnet itself with current actively applied

38
Q

What are the FDA guidelines for exposure to a static magnetic field?

A

-Adults, children, and infants > 1 month - 8 T
-infants 1 month or less - 4 T

39
Q

What is the magnetohydrodynamic effect?

A

this biological effect is observed when a patient is positioned in a system in which the direction of B0 is along the head to foot (z axis) of the body. Blood is an excellent conductor and when it flows around the aortic arch, you have a conductive medium moving perpendicular to the direction of B0. This results in an elevation of the T-wave segment on a ECG. It is reversible. When the patient is removed from the field, the ECG tracing returns to normal.

40
Q

What are rotation/torque forces?

A

forces exerted on ferromagnetic objects in the body in magnetic field (implants and devices)
-Rotation or torque forces are forces which when exerted on an elongated object, tend to cause it to turn and align with the direction of the external magnetic field.
-will also scale with field strength (the higher the field strength, the greater the torque or rotational force which will be exerted on an elongated object or device)

41
Q

Where are rotation/torque forces the greatest?

A

at the isocenter of the magnet

42
Q

What is translational force?

A

-missile effect
-when a ferromagnetic object encounters a magnetic field that changes from point a to point b, it can encounter a force that causes it to move toward the higher field

43
Q

What does translational force exertion depend on?

A

-the mass and ferromagnetic properties of the object
-the amount of change in the magnetic field over distance (dB/dx)

44
Q

What is spatial field gradient?

A

the change in field over distance (dB/dx)
-the change is greatest at the point where the patient enters the magnet

45
Q

What is required to produce an MR signal from the tissue?

A

A secondary magnetic field. This is the radiofrequency (RF) field - also known as the B1 field

46
Q

What is the frequency of the RF field at 1.5 T?

A

approximately 64 MHz

47
Q

Is it necessary to shield the MR environment from interference by external or stray RF signals?

A

Yes, they must use RF shielding

48
Q

What is RF shielding?

A

-shields the MR environment from interference by external or stray RF signals
-encompasses the MR room in copper

49
Q

What is Faraday Cage?

A

Metal enclosure that prevents entry or escape of electromagnetic fields
-line the walls with copper before sheetrock is installed

50
Q

what is the main purpose of RF shielding?

A

to eliminate RF noise (extraneous signals) from the MR environment

51
Q

What are the main components of the RF system?

A

the RF coil and the associated electronics which produce RF waveforms

52
Q

what are the RF coils responsible for?

A

the RF coils are responsible for transmitting RF and/or detecting the MR signals from the tissues in the body

53
Q

RF coils can be designed to be which types?

A

-can be designed to transmit RF energy to the tissue (Transmit Only)
-detect (receive) the signal from the tissue (Receive Only)
-both transmit and receive

54
Q

In a cylindrical whole body MR system, the transmit coil is located

A

within the magnet enclosure.
-referred to as integrated body coil or body coil which can be transmit only or transmit/receive

55
Q

Coils are typically classified as

A

-linear
-quadrature
-multichannel

56
Q

What is a linear coil?

A

-simplest design
-consists of single element and a single receiving channel (receiver)
-as the net magnetization precesses through the coil, waveform is induced in the coil (Faraday’s law of induction)
-linear refers to the coil being linearly polarized

57
Q

What is a quadrature coil?

A

-circularly polarized (aka quadrature)
-consists of 2 elements
-electronically arranged so the waveforms induced the elements are 90 degrees out of phase
-the elements and their associated circuitry are designated as either an I or Q channel which are connected to a single receiver
-the signals are combined in the receiver
-approx 41% more efficient than a linear coil of the same size

58
Q

What is a multichannel coil?

A

-aka Phased Array
-consists of multiple elements and multiple independent receivers
-can achieve greater coverage and high SNR
-each element in the array is electronically mapped to a receiving channel & receiver
-boosts SNR while maintaining the required coverage

59
Q

RF energy can result in

A

heating.
Heating can occur in both conductive materials (implants/devices) and human tissue

60
Q

What is SAR?

A

Specific Absorption Rate
-the measure of RF energy absorbed in tissue

61
Q

What is SAR expressed in?

A

units of Watts/kg of body weight

62
Q

What are the FDA guidelines for SAR limits?

A

4.0 W/kg or less of whole body average
8.0 W/kg or less spatial peak in any 1 g of tissue
3.2 W/kg or less averaged over the head
or
core temp increase of 1 degree C

63
Q

What are the 2 scanning modes on clinical MR systems?

A

Normal Operating Mode and First Level Controlled Mode

64
Q

Normal Operating Mode

A

-will limit the SAR to no more than 2.0 W/kg whole body average and 3.2 W/kg for the head
-in normal mode, no physiologic stress is expected

65
Q

First Level Controlled Mode

A

-will allow SAR up to the maximum of 4.0 W/kg whole body average and 3.2 W/kg for the head
-physiologic stress may be seen in certain patients (some patients may not be able to adequately dissipate the energy/heat)

66
Q

SAR is proportional to the power of __ for a systems resonant frequency

A

2
this means when you double the field strength (going from 1.5T to 3T), it takes 4 times the RF power for a given RF pulse

67
Q

SAR is proportional to the power of __ for the B1 amplitude of the RF field

A

2

MRI Bill Faulkner (12 decks)

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