Chapter 1

Question 1

Gender

Answer 1

a social status, a legal designation, and a personal identity. Gender divisions and their accompanying norms and role expectations are built into the major social institutions of society, such as the economy, the family, the state, culture, religion and the law.

Question 2

Sex

Answer 2

a complex interplay of genes, hormones, environment and behaviour.

Question 3

Sexuality

Answer 3

sexuality s more complex, involving anatomy, hormones, and a massive dose of social construction

Question 4

Interplanetary theory of gender difference

Answer 4

the idea that men are from Mars and women are from Venus. “opposites” – universal gender difference

Question 5

Hegemonic

Answer 5

something that is upheld as the model; hegemonic ideals can be contested, but cannot be ignored because of their cultural power

Question 6

Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 6

theory developed by Connell to explain male gender ideology. The “culturally honored” version of masculinity”.
 Emphasizes competition among men for power and dominance

Question 7

Biological determinism:

Answer 7

the view that behaviour and character of an organism, group, or system are determined by biological factors.

Question 8

Deceptive distinctions

Answer 8

differences between men and women that appear to be gender differences, but may be the result of different positions within society

Question 9

Differential socialization:

Answer 9

NURTURE; this perspective asserts that men and women are different because they are socialized differently from birth, thus acquiring “feminine or masculine” traits, behaviours and attitudes

Question 10

Emphasized femininity

Answer 10

: connell’s model of female gender ideology, which asserts that femininity is displayed as COMPLIANCE with gender inequality and is associated with accommodating the desires and interests of men.

Question 11

Institutional gender neutrality:

Answer 11

the idea that while people have gender, institutions are gender-neutral (rather than being the product of historical and social constructions).

Question 12

Privilege

Answer 12

the advances that come from being a member of a dominant group (ie: gender, race, class, ability or sex), the principal of which be the presumption of normalcy and universality

Question 13

Invisibility of privilege:

Answer 13

the idea that those who are dominant in a society may not be aware of their dominance or special status, but can see themselves as “universal” human beings or citizens. Because of this, people may not be awareof the extent of discrimination.

Question 14

Male dominance

Answer 14

a system that grants greater power, value, authority, and access to resources to men. Mens authority is reinforces throughout society and its social, political, religious, cultural and economic institutions. Sometimes referred to as “patriarchy”.

Question 15

Mean differences:

Answer 15

differences in the AVERAGE scores of men and women on standardized tests, which may be taken as representative of ABSOLUTE differences between the sexes

Question 16

Sex difference

Answer 16

chromosomal, anatomical, and hormonal differences between females and males; to be considered sex differences, these distinctions must be biologically rather than culturally derived

Question 17

Social constructionism

Answer 17

the theoretical orientation that sees the expression and organization of gender not as the outcome of biology, but as the result of historical and cultural change, the socialization of individuals, and the continuous interplay between gendered individuals and gendered institutions.

Question 18

Gendered society

Answer 18

any society in which social institutions reproduce and reinforce dominant definitions of gender and discipline those who deviate from these definitions