chapter 1

Question 1

Identify six functions of the skeleton.

Answer 1

1. Support 2. Structure 3. Protection 4. Movement 5. Mineral Storage 6. Blood Cell Production

Question 2

Name three bones of the arm.

Answer 2

Humerus, Ulna and Radius

Question 3

Name three bones of the leg.

Answer 3

Femur, Tibia and Fibula

Question 4

Name the bones protecting the vital organs.

Answer 4

Cranium and ribcage.

Question 5

Name three joint types.

Answer 5

Hinge , Ball and socket and pivot.

Question 6

What type of joint is found at the elbow?

Answer 6

Hinge.

Question 7

What type of joint is found at the hip?

Answer 7

Ball and socket.

Question 8

What type of joint is found at the ankle?

Answer 8

Hinge.

Question 9

Where are the metatarsals found?

Answer 9

Feet.

Question 10

Where are the metacarpals found?

Answer 10

Hand.

Question 11

What joint actions occur at a hinge joint?

Answer 11

Flexion and extension.

Question 12

What joint actions occur at a ball and socket joint?

Answer 12

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation

Question 13

What joint actions occur at the ankle?

Answer 13

Plantar flexion and dorsi flexio

Question 14

What are the three classifications of the bone and give an example of each of these in the skeleton?

Answer 14

1. Flat - Cranium 2. Long - Femur
2. Short - Carpals

Question 15

Name the muscle that causes flexion at the elbow.

Answer 15

Agonist = Bicep

Question 16

Name the muscle that causes extension at the elbow.

Answer 16

Agonist = Tricep

Question 17

Name the muscle that causes flexion at the knee.

Answer 17

Agonist = Hamstring

Question 18

Name the muscle that causes extension at the knee.

Answer 18

Agonist = Quadricep

Question 19

Name the part of a synovial joint that allow the joint to move freely.

Answer 19

Synovial fluid secreted from the bursae.

Question 20

Name the part of the joint which is found on the end of each bone to prevent friction.

Answer 20

Cartilage.

Question 21

List the pathway of air starting at the mouth/nose and finishing at the alveoli

Answer 21

Trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli.

Question 22

List four features of the alveoli which assist gaseous exchange

Answer 22

Thin walls (short diffusion pathway), large surface area, lots of capillaries (good blood supply) and moist walls.

Question 23

What does oxygen bind with in red blood cells to be able to be transported around the body?

Answer 23

Haemoglobin.

Question 24

Name the three blood vessels

Answer 24

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Question 25

Which blood vessel has valves?

Answer 25

Veins.

Question 26

What do valves prevent?

Answer 26

Backflow.

Question 27

Which have the larger lumen arteries or veins?

Answer 27

veins

Question 28

Which have thicker walls arteries or veins?

Answer 28

arteries

Question 29

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 29

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce the blood flow to certain areas.

Question 30

What is vasodilation?

Answer 30

Widening of blood vessels to increase the blood flow to certain areas.

Question 31

Name the four chambers of the heart.

Answer 31

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

Question 32

List the stages of the cardiac cycle, starting with the vena cava and finishing at the body , including valve names

Answer 32

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aorta.

Question 33

Define cardiac output.

Answer 33

Volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute.

Question 34

What is the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate?

Answer 34

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Question 35

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

Answer 35

It contracts and flattens.

Question 36

What happens to the ribcage during inspiration?

Answer 36

It moves upwards and outwards.

Question 37

What happens to the ribcage during expiration?

Answer 37

It moves downwards and inwards.

Question 38

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

Answer 38

Relaxes and becomes dome shaped.

Question 39

Define tidal volume

Answer 39

Volume of air breathed in during a normal breath.

Question 40

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

Answer 40

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal inspiration

Question 41

Define expiratory reserve volume.

Answer 41

The maximum Volume of air that can be expired after a maximal expiration.

Question 42

Define residual volume.

Answer 42

Volume of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration.

Question 43

Would a shot put athlete be working aerobically or anaerobically?

Answer 43

Anaerobically.

Question 44

Would a marathon athlete be working aerobically or anaerobically?

Answer 44

Aerobically.

Question 45

Identify three immediate effects of exercise.

Answer 45

1. Increased temperature 2. Sweating 3. Increased breathing

Question 46

Identify four short term effects of exercise.

Answer 46

1. DOMS 2. Fatigue 3. Dizziness 4. Nausea

Question 47

Identify long term effects of exercise

Answer 47

1. Change in body shape. 2. Muscular hypertrophy 3. Bradycardia (lower resting heart rate) 4. Increased stamina, muscular endurance or speed.

Question 48

Define epoc

Answer 48

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Question 49

What causes EPOC and what are the effects?

Answer 49

Caused by anaerobic exercise (producing lactic acid) and requires the performer to maintain increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt

Question 50

What does epoc do?

Answer 50

break down and oxidise lactic acid gradually reduce body temperature remove excess carbon dioxide from the body

Question 51

Three methods of recovery

Answer 51

cool down, manipulation of diet, ice baths, massage

Question 52

What is manipulation of diet and what does it do?

Answer 52

rehydrating and/or using carbohydrate replacements. Rehydration is when a performer replaces the fluids that have been lost during exercise. When a performer sweats, they will lose minerals (e.g. sodium) and water.

Question 53

What do ice baths do?

Answer 53

Putting the body into an ice bath will cause the blood vessels to constrict (become narrower) and flush out waste products (lactic acid). This helps to reduce swelling. When the performer steps out of the bath, their muscles return to a warmer temperature and the blood flowing through them is now cleaner (fewer waste products). This delivers oxygen and nutrients to the muscles to help repair them.

Question 54

What do massages do?

Answer 54

Rubbing and kneading a performer’s muscles can relax the muscles and cause blood to flow. This blood flow can help remove waste products (lactic acid), speed up recovery and prevent DOMS.

Question 55

Negative of massages

Answer 55

massages can be expensive and some people may not have the knowledge to perform a massage.

Question 56

The benefits of a cool down include...

Answer 56

1. decrease in body temperature 2. removal of lactic acid 3. reduction in DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness) 4. decrease in dizziness or nausea 5. returning heart rate and breathing rate to resting by maintaining blood flow