chapter 1 Flashcards
what are the 6 functions of the skeleton
support
shape
protection
mineral storage
movement
production for blood cells
what type of bones protect vital organs?
flat bones
what are long bones responsible for?
support and structure
where are long bones found?
legs and arms
how does the skeletal system allow for movement?
by providing anchor points for the muscles to play against
which joint is the most common?
synovial joints
what is the role of the synovial membrane?
to produce oily synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction and wear
what is the capsule?
tough fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint; usually supported with ligaments
what is bursae
fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint
what is a dislocation
when the bones of a normal joint separate from their normal position
what is the purpose of cartilage?
to cover ends of bones, creating a friction-free surface
what type of joint is found in the elbow?
hinge joint
what is flexion?
movement where the angle between bones reduces
what is extension
movement where angle between bones increases
what movements occur at the hinge joints?
flexion and extension
what joint is at the shoulder
ball and socket
what movements are allowed in ball and socket joints?
flexion extension addiction abduction and rotation
what is abduction
movement where the limbs are moved away from the body
what is adduction
movement where the limbs are moved towards the body
what is rotation
turning a limb along its long axis
what joint is found at hips
ball and socket
what bones are in the knee joint
femur patella and tibia
what is the larger bone tibia or fibula
tibia
are radius ulna and humerus used in the elbow joint
yes
what joint is the knee
hinge joint
what is the layer of cartilage called between the femur and tibia
meniscus
what is the meniscus used for
used to act as a shock absorber between the tibia and femur
what is the meniscus made out of
tough cartilage
what ligaments surround thee knee and hold it in place
anterior and prosterior cruciate ligaments
what joint is at the ankle
hinge joint
what bones make up the ankle joint
tibia fibula and talus
what is plantar flexion
movement at the ankle where toes point towards the ground
what is dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee
which joints are synovial ((5)
shoulder hip knee ankle elbow
what is the trachea
tube that carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs
what is bronchitis
tubes that carries air from the trachea to the lungs
what are bronchioles
divided bronchi that carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli
what are alveoli
tiny sacs of air in the lungs that allow for rapid gaseous exchange
what gasses get transferred in gaseous exchange
carbon dioxide and oxygen
what is in higher concentration in the blood
carbon dioxide
what is in higher concentration in the alveoli
oxygen
how is gases transferred in gaseous exchange
diffusion along the concentration gradient between the alveoli and the capillaries.
is diffusion passive or active process
passive
what are the adaptations of the alveoli (4)
small in size and large in number so larger surface area for quicker exchange in gasses
surface of the alveoli and walls of the blood capillaries are very thin and moist (only one cell thick) which allows the gasses to dissolve in the moisture and allows for quicker diffusion
the alveoli and capillaries are touching eachother so there is a very short distance for diffusion / diffusion pathway
each alveolus is surrounded by a network of blood capillaries so there is a rich supply of blood for the gases to diffuse into/from
during inspiration which muscles contract
diaphragm , intercostal muscles
during expiration which muscles relax
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
what is used to measure lung volumes?
spirometer
what is the tidal volume
the volume of air breathed in or out during a normal breath at rest
what is expiratory reserve volume
the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume
what is inspiratory reserve volume
the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume
what is residual volume
the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
what is the systole
the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
what is diastole
the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
what is the cardiac output
the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out. usually measured in litres per minute
what’s the formula for cardiac output
heart rate * stroke volume
what is the stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the hearts left ventricle per contraction
what is the formula for aerobic exercise
glucose + oxygen —> energy + carbon dioxide + water
what is the formula for anaerobic exercise
glucose —> energy + lactic acid
what is lactic acid
toxic waste product from anaerobic exercise
what is oxygen debt
temporary oxygen shortage due to strenuous exercise
what is EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption )
increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous exercise
what are the immediate effects of exercise (during exercise) (3)
heart rate increases
heart contracts more powerfully - stroke volume increases
breathing rate increases
depth of breaths increase, tidal volume increases
greater gaseous exchange in the lungs
body temperature increases because muscles are contracting more
sweat to try and cool body down
what are the short term effects of exercise (24-36 hours after)
fatigue due to the overwork of muscles and they may become swollen with fluids
may feel dizzy, often caused by a drop in blood pressure of low blood sugar
nausea may be cause by over-exertion or from ending a session too abruptly
DOMS is caused by eccentric muscle contractions which causes tiny tears in muscle fibres
cramps, painful involuntary contractions of muscles that is caused by fatigue of train and often linked to dehydration and loss of minerals due to excessive sweating.
what are the benefits from a cool down (4)
aids in the clearing of waste products - lactic acid
reduced the potential for DOMS
reduces chances of dizziness or fainting
allows breathing and heart rate to gradually return to normal and prevents sudden change in heart rhythm which could be dangerous
what is rehydration
process of replacing the fluids lost during exercise mainly thru sweating
what else does the body lose during sweating
minerals
what does the body convert carbohydrates into
glucose
why is it advisable for the performer to load up on carbohydrates before strenuous activity?
because the body converts any carbohydrates is consumes into glucose
why is it recommended to drink flavoured milk or meal-replacement drinks as well as water?
so that the body can be fuelled with minerals that may be lost from sweating as well as water
how do ice baths work?
they constrict blood vessels whilst in the bath which reduces blood flow to the affected muscles resulting in less swelling and inflammation and pain. When the performer leaves the ice bath their blood vessels then dilate to return to normal temperature, this sudden change in blood vessel diameter, helps with blood circulation and flushing out waste products like lactic acid.
what are the disadvantages of ice baths
may not be widely accessible
need specialist to set up
may be uncomfortable for the performer
what are massages
the rubbing and kneading of muscles and joints
how do massages work
they help to prevent or relieve the pain that may be caused by too much physical activity by encouraging blood flow throughout the body.
what are some long term effects of exercise
bradycardia (lower resting heart rate )
hypertrophy (increase in size of muscles)
