Chapter 1 Flashcards
In terms of pharmaceutics, what are some things you will consider before giving a drug to patients
dose
physiochemical properties
dosage form
route
age of patient
patient condition
excipients
what are some pharmacokinetic parameters to consider when giving a drug to a patient?
plasma concentration
elimination rate
bioavailability
clearance
volume of distribution
ADME
What are the pharmacodynamic parameters that should be considered before administering a drug?
mechanism of action
dose response curve
efficacy
toxicities
what is the general area of study concerned with the formulation, manufacture, stability, and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms?
pharmaceutics
pharmaceutics is also considered a _______ science
formulation
the study of the relationship of the physico-chemical properties and in vitro behavior of the drug and drug product on the delivery of the drug to the body under normal or pathologic conditions are
biopharmaceutics
biopharmaceutics is known as
the science and study of the ways in which the pharmaceutical formulation of administered agents can influence their pharmacodynamic andd pharmacokinetic behavior
biopharmaceutics =
pharmacokinetic + dosage form
what the body does to the drug is known as
pharmacokinetics
pharmacokinetic consists of
ADME or ITE
What does I stand for in ITE
input into the body
some routes of administration do have absorption components (ie IV)
what does T stand for in ITE
transfer of drug within the body
What does E stand for in ITE
elimination from the body
includes metabolism as it is a major route of drug elimination
It is important for health care professionals such as pharmacists to have knowledge of ____, ______,______ and ______ to increase effectiveness, decrease toxicities, and increase patient compliance with a therapeutic regimen
dose
dosing interval
route of administration
formulation
the majority of the adverse drug reactions seen in clinic are ___________
dose related
what are the types of ways a drug can be administered
oral
IV
intraperitoneal
subcutaneous
intramuscular
inhalation
what are the types of excretion products
feces
urine
water vapor
sweat
saliva
drugs can be excreted via
intestines
kidneys
lungs
sweat glands
what are some inactive storage depots
bone and fat
where does absorption and distribution take place in the body
membranes of the oral cavity
gastrointestinal tract
peritoneum
skin
muscles
lungs
metabolism occurs in the
liver
the movement of the drug from its administration site into the blood stream is known as
drug absorption
F stands for
bioavailability
bioavailability is known as the
fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation
what are the mechanism of drug absorption
passive transport: paracellular transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
active transport:
abc transporters
what are the factors that can affect drug absorption
physiochemical property of the drug
biology and microenvironment of absorption
the branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of drug from one location to another within the body is known as
distribution
once a drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into ____ and ____
interstitial
intracellular fluids
Vd =
total amount of drug in the body / drug blood plasma concentration
drugs that are distributed and confined to circulation only are ____ drug molecules
very large
drugs that are excluded by the cell membranes are _____ drug molecules
very polar
drugs that are enriched in the fat of the body are
lipophilic drugs
what factors affect the distribution of drugs?
organ size
perfusion rate
binding of drug to blood protein vs tissue
tissue permeability
what drug has a very large volume distribution and therefore a majority of the drug moves out of the blood and into the tissues?
chloroquine
what reactions are part of phase I metabolism?
oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis
acetylation
what reactions are part of phase II metabolism?
sulfate conjugation
glucuronide conjugation
glutathione conjugation
amino acid conjugation
Drugs metabolize primarily in the liver but can also metabolize in
the gut
lung
skin
polar metabolites are excreted via _____ elmination
renal - urine
non polar metabolites are excreted via ____ elimination
biliary - stool
_______ drugs are excreted mainly by renal excretion
non volatile
renal elimination is the process in which a drug
passes through the kidneys
to the bladder
ultimately the urine
____ is defined as the volume of fluid cleared of drug from the body per unit of time
clearance
the units for clearance are
mL/min
L/hr
dose adjustments for drugs are needed in patients that are ____ and _____
renally and hepatically impaired
TDM stands for
therapeutic drug monitoring
the clinical practice of measuring specific drugs at designated intervals to maintain a constant concentration in a patients bloodstream to optimize dosage regimen is known as
TDM - therapeutic drug monitoring
what the the four key characteristics of therapeutic drug monitoring?
monitoring drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges
drugs with marked pharmacokinetic variability
medications for which target concentrations are difficult to monitor
drugs known to cause therapeutic and adverse effects
if performed properly, what does TDM allow for
the achievement of therapeutic concentrations of a drug more rapidly and safely than attained with empiric dose changes
