Chapter 1

Question 1

In terms of pharmaceutics, what are some things you will consider before giving a drug to patients

Answer 1

dose
physiochemical properties
dosage form
route
age of patient
patient condition
excipients

Question 2

what are some pharmacokinetic parameters to consider when giving a drug to a patient?

Answer 2

plasma concentration

elimination rate

bioavailability

clearance

volume of distribution

ADME

Question 3

What are the pharmacodynamic parameters that should be considered before administering a drug?

Answer 3

mechanism of action

dose response curve

efficacy

toxicities

Question 4

what is the general area of study concerned with the formulation, manufacture, stability, and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms?

Answer 4

pharmaceutics

Question 5

pharmaceutics is also considered a _______ science

Answer 5

formulation

Question 6

the study of the relationship of the physico-chemical properties and in vitro behavior of the drug and drug product on the delivery of the drug to the body under normal or pathologic conditions are

Answer 6

biopharmaceutics

Question 7

biopharmaceutics is known as

Answer 7

the science and study of the ways in which the pharmaceutical formulation of administered agents can influence their pharmacodynamic andd pharmacokinetic behavior

Question 8

biopharmaceutics =

Answer 8

pharmacokinetic + dosage form

Question 9

what the body does to the drug is known as

Answer 9

pharmacokinetics

Question 10

pharmacokinetic consists of

Answer 10

ADME or ITE

Question 11

What does I stand for in ITE

Answer 11

input into the body

some routes of administration do have absorption components (ie IV)

Question 12

what does T stand for in ITE

Answer 12

transfer of drug within the body

Question 13

What does E stand for in ITE

Answer 13

elimination from the body

includes metabolism as it is a major route of drug elimination

Question 14

It is important for health care professionals such as pharmacists to have knowledge of ____, ______,______ and ______ to increase effectiveness, decrease toxicities, and increase patient compliance with a therapeutic regimen

Answer 14

dose
dosing interval
route of administration
formulation

Question 15

the majority of the adverse drug reactions seen in clinic are ___________

Answer 15

dose related

Question 16

what are the types of ways a drug can be administered

Answer 16

oral
IV
intraperitoneal
subcutaneous
intramuscular
inhalation

Question 17

what are the types of excretion products

Answer 17

feces
urine
water vapor
sweat
saliva

Question 18

drugs can be excreted via

Answer 18

intestines
kidneys
lungs
sweat glands

Question 19

what are some inactive storage depots

Answer 19

bone and fat

Question 20

where does absorption and distribution take place in the body

Answer 20

membranes of the oral cavity
gastrointestinal tract
peritoneum
skin
muscles
lungs

Question 21

metabolism occurs in the

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

the movement of the drug from its administration site into the blood stream is known as

Answer 22

drug absorption

Question 23

F stands for

Answer 23

bioavailability

Question 24

bioavailability is known as the

Answer 24

fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Question 25

what are the mechanism of drug absorption

Answer 25

passive transport: paracellular transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion active transport: abc transporters

Question 26

what are the factors that can affect drug absorption

Answer 26

physiochemical property of the drug biology and microenvironment of absorption

Question 27

the branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of drug from one location to another within the body is known as

Answer 27

distribution

Question 28

once a drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into ____ and ____

Answer 28

interstitial intracellular fluids

Question 29

Vd =

Answer 29

total amount of drug in the body / drug blood plasma concentration

Question 30

drugs that are distributed and confined to circulation only are ____ drug molecules

Answer 30

very large

Question 31

drugs that are excluded by the cell membranes are _____ drug molecules

Answer 31

very polar

Question 32

drugs that are enriched in the fat of the body are

Answer 32

lipophilic drugs

Question 33

what factors affect the distribution of drugs?

Answer 33

organ size perfusion rate binding of drug to blood protein vs tissue tissue permeability

Question 34

what drug has a very large volume distribution and therefore a majority of the drug moves out of the blood and into the tissues?

Answer 34

chloroquine

Question 35

what reactions are part of phase I metabolism?

Answer 35

oxidation reduction hydrolysis acetylation

Question 36

what reactions are part of phase II metabolism?

Answer 36

sulfate conjugation glucuronide conjugation glutathione conjugation amino acid conjugation

Question 37

Drugs metabolize primarily in the liver but can also metabolize in

Answer 37

the gut lung skin

Question 38

polar metabolites are excreted via _____ elmination

Answer 38

renal - urine

Question 39

non polar metabolites are excreted via ____ elimination

Answer 39

biliary - stool

Question 40

_______ drugs are excreted mainly by renal excretion

Answer 40

non volatile

Question 41

renal elimination is the process in which a drug

Answer 41

passes through the kidneys to the bladder ultimately the urine

Question 42

____ is defined as the volume of fluid cleared of drug from the body per unit of time

Answer 42

clearance

Question 43

the units for clearance are

Answer 43

mL/min L/hr

Question 44

dose adjustments for drugs are needed in patients that are ____ and _____

Answer 44

renally and hepatically impaired

Question 45

TDM stands for

Answer 45

therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 46

the clinical practice of measuring specific drugs at designated intervals to maintain a constant concentration in a patients bloodstream to optimize dosage regimen is known as

Answer 46

TDM - therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 47

what the the four key characteristics of therapeutic drug monitoring?

Answer 47

monitoring drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges drugs with marked pharmacokinetic variability medications for which target concentrations are difficult to monitor drugs known to cause therapeutic and adverse effects

Question 48

if performed properly, what does TDM allow for

Answer 48

the achievement of therapeutic concentrations of a drug more rapidly and safely than attained with empiric dose changes