Chapter 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

Wrote on topics central to modern psychology and empiricism

Question 3

Tabula Rasa

Answer 3

blank tablet

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

the idea that knowledge comes directly from experience

Question 5

Dualism

Answer 5

belief that the body is made out of ordinary matter, and the mind is not. they are separate

Question 6

Monism

Answer 6

belief that all things consist of matter and energy and that the mind is a product of the nervous system

Question 7

Descartes

Answer 7

argued for dualism (mind and body are separate) and introduced reflexes

Question 8

Nativism

Answer 8

certain kinds of knowledge and ideas are inborn or innate

Question 9

Charles Darwin

Answer 9

proposed that all living things are end products of an extended period of evolution, guided by the principles of natural selection

Question 10

Mutations

Answer 10

spontaneous genetic change

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

best fit survives and passes on their genes

Question 12

stabilizing selection

Answer 12

eliminates extremes of a trait

Question 13

directional selection

Answer 13

selects for extreme of particular trait

Question 14

divergent (or disruptive) selection

Answer 14

splits the population into extremes, speciation

Question 15

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 15

developed structuralism

Question 16

Structuralism

Answer 16

an early school of psychology where individuals try to understand the mind by breaking down into basic part

Question 17

William James and James Rowland Angell

Answer 17

developed functionalism

Question 18

Systematic Introspection

Answer 18

an early technique used to study the mind that requires people to look inward and describe their own experiences

Question 19

Functionalism

Answer 19

believed that the proper way to understand the mind and behavior is to
first analyze their function and purpose

Question 20

Behaviorism

Answer 20

proposed that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather
than immediate conscious experience

Question 20

John B. Watson

Answer 20

developed behaviorism

Question 21

Sigmund Freud

Answer 21

believed that psychological problems are best solved through insight and determining
unconscious determinants of behavior

Question 22

Psychoanalysis

Answer 22

belief that the mind and its contents (the psyche) must be analyzed extensively
before effective treatments can begin

Question 23

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 23

a focus on people’s unique capacity for self-awareness, choice,
responsibility, and growth

Question 24

Carl Rogers + Abraham Maslow

Answer 24

developed humanistic psychology

Question 25

eclectic approach

Answer 25

selecting information from several sources rather than relying entirely on a single perspective/school of thought