CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
-is defined as the science of motion of projectiles.
BALLISTICS
-is the motion of an object that is thrown or launched into the air and moves along a curved path due to the force of gravity.
PROJECTILE
ELEMENTS OF PROJECTILE
- INITIAL FORCE
- GRAVITY
- AIR RESISTANCE
- to the amount of force applied to an object at the beginning of a motion or interaction.
INITIAL FORCE
–accumulation of gas
INITIAL FORCE
-is the universal force of attraction acting between all bodies of matter.
GRAVITY
–determining trajectory
GRAVITY
–minimal to zero effect
AIR RESISTANCE
-is the force that slows down an object moving through the air.
AIR RESISTANCE
Ballistics came from what word?
Greek word
Ballistics came from Greek word _______ that means _________
BALO OR BALLEIN means “TO THROW”.
BALLISTA (OLD ENGLISH BALLISTAE)
-a MID-18TH CENTURY English word that came from the?
ROMANS
means “TO THROW”
BALO OR BALLEIN
BALLISTA OLD ENGLISH?
BALLISTAE
-a MID-18TH CENTURY English word that came from the ROMANS about early 16TH CENTURY.
BALLISTA (OLD ENGLISH BALLISTAE)
-This was the description of a “CATAPULT” OR “GIGANTIC BOW” used by the ROMANS to hurl LARGE STONES OR ARROWS at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
BALLISTA (OLD ENGLISH BALLISTAE)
used by the ROMANS to hurl LARGE STONES OR ARROWS at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
“CATAPULT” OR “GIGANTIC BOW”
CATAPULT” OR “GIGANTIC BOW” used by the ROMANS to hurl ___________ at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
LARGE STONES OR ARROWS
-refers to the study of projectiles, firearms and ammunitions including the characteristics of firearm that affect the way projectiles are fired.
BALLISTICS
-is the science of projectiles in motion from the moment of firing until impact at the target.
BALLISTICS
-It covers the scientific study of the propulsion (driving force), flight, and impact (destructive action) of projectiles. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2000)
BALLISTICS
In the _________,
BALLISTICS
-refers to the study of projectiles, firearms and ammunitions including the characteristics of firearm that affect the way projectiles are fired.
BROADEST SENSE
In a _______,
BALLISTICS
-It covers the scientific study of the propulsion (driving force), flight, and impact (destructive action) of projectiles. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2000)
TECHNICAL SENSE
In a _______,
BALLISTICS
-is the science of projectiles in motion from the moment of firing until impact at the target.
TECHNICAL SENSE
-is the mechanism or process that moves an object forward through a fluid, most commonly through air or water.
PROPULSION
- a.k.a TRAJECTORY,
FLIGHT
- severity of the target
IMPACT
is concerned with projectiles fired from small arms and cannons, but it may be concerned also with the free flight of bombs and rockets. (World Book Encyclopedia, 2002)
BALLISTICS
In POLICE PARLANCE, it is frequently used to FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION.
BALLISTICS
- is the process of analyzing the bullets and cartridge cases left at a crime scene to determine if they came from a particular firearm.
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
In __________, it is frequently used to FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION.
POLICE PARLANCE
–subfield of Forensic Ballistic
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
- is, who invented it, what it can determine, and how it works.
FORENSIC BALLISTIC
–using Firearms Identification for Forensic Examination
FORENSIC BALLISTIC
- is a forensic science discipline in which expert examiners evaluate documents disputed in the legal system.
FORENSIC EXAMINATION
- It is applied to ballistics or to any other subjects in relationship to a court of justice and legal proceedings.
FORENSIC
-Derived from the Latin word “FORENSIS” which means “FORUM”, that means a “PUBLIC OR MARKETPLACE”, wherein people gathered for discussion of a subject in issue.
FORENSIC
Forensic came from what word?
Latin word
Forensic came from the Latin word ______ which means _______, that means a ______
“FORENSIS” means “FORUM” means “PUBLIC OR MARKETPLACE”,
wherein people gathered for discussion of a subject in issue.
“PUBLIC OR MARKETPLACE”
- It is the science of firearms identification by means of ammunition fired through them.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
– Refers to metallic or non-metallic object such as bullet, slug, ball, pellet and flechette that passes through the barrel of a firearms.
PROJECTILE
- The movement or action of projectiles launched from firearms.
MOTIONS
KINDS OF MOTION:
A. DIRECT MOTION
B. ROTARY MOTION
C. TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
- the forward movement of the projectile inside the gun barrel resulting from the expanding force of gasses produced after combustion of the gunpowder.
DIRECT MOTION
–rearward movement cause of rotary motion
DIRECT MOTION
- the gyrating action (rotating or spinning), either right or left, inside or outside barrel with the action of the spiralling LANDS AND GROOVES or known as RIFLING.
ROTARY MOTION
ROTARY MOTION
- the gyrating action (rotating or spinning), either right or left, inside or outside barrel with the action of the spiralling?
LANDS AND GROOVES or RIFLING.
IMPORTANCE OF ROTARY MOTION (S-A-R)
- STABILITY
- ACCURACY
- RANGE
- is the state of being firmly fixed or not likely to move or change.
- STABILITY
–ability to maintain its trajectory flight
- STABILITY
- as the fact of being exact or correct, or the ability to do something without mistakes.
–ability to hit or tamaan
- ACCURACY
- the horizontal distance between a weapon and target
–distance na kayang tahakin
- RANGE
– The movement of projectiles after hitting the target and no rotation takes place such as bouncing of the bullet after hitting a resistant surface.
TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
- is a glancing rebound (as of a projectile off a flat surface)
RICOCHET
–movement of bullet from one point to another
TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
–45 degrees at angle
RICOCHET
– a projectile that bounces off another surface
RICOCHET
BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
1.) INTERNAL OR INTERIOR BALLISTICS
2.) EXTERNAL OR EXTERIOR BALLISTICS
3.) TERMINAL BALLISTICS
- deals with the motion of a projectile while it is from breech to the muzzle of barrel.
INTERNAL OR INTERIOR BALLISTICS
-It is the study focused on what happens inside the gun during firing.
INTERNAL OR INTERIOR BALLISTICS
SUBJECT OF STUDY, UNDER INTERNAL OR INTERIOR BALLISTICS
1.A. FIRING PIN HITS THE PRIMER/ STRIKE THE HAMMER, THE FIRING PIN WILL STRIKE
2.B. IGNITION OF PRIMING MIXTURE
3.C. COMBUSTION OF GUNPOWDER
4.D. EXPANSION OF THE HEATED GAS IN THE CHAMBER
5.E. PRESSURE WILL BE DEVELOPED
6.F. ENERGY GENERATED
7.G. RECOIL OF THE GUN
8.H. VELOCITY OF THE BULLET IN THE BARREL
9.I. ROTATION OF THE BULLET INSIDE THE BARREL
10.J. ENGRAVING OF THE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF BULLET
- the _______ should hit the primer in order to explode.
firing pin
-The failure of the cartridge to explode after the firing pin strikes the primer is called
“MISFIRE”.
strike the hammer, the firing pin will strike is still a
EXTERNAL BALLISTIC
- is a part of a firearm that impacts the primer of a cartridge and causes it to fire.
FIRING PIN
–match stick
FIRING PIN
DEFECTS IN FIREARM THAT CAUSE TO MISFIRE
A. BROKEN FIRING PIN
B. LOOSE FIRING PIN
C. LACKING LENGTH IN THE FIRING PIN
- in order to _________, it must be live and potent and must be devoid of any moisture.
IGNITION OF PRIMING MIXTURE
this is a defect especially homemade gun
LACKING LENGTH IN THE FIRING PIN
-If the priming mixture explodes several seconds after the firing pin blow the primer, the delay of explosion is known as
“HANGFIRE”.
-are sensitive explosive mixtures that are designed to produce a flame in a particular application.
PRIMING MIXTURE
– initiator of firing pin
PRIMING MIXTURE
PROBABLE DEFECTS IN THE CONTENTS OF THE PRIMER CUP
A. WET PRIMING MIXTURE (due to moisture)
B. THE ANVIL IS NOT PROPERLY FIXED (slanting position)
C. NO VENT OR FLASH-HOLE (factory defects)
D. NO PRIMING MIXTURE AT ALL (factory defects)
defect due to moisture
WET PRIMING MIXTURE
defect due to slanting position
THE ANVIL IS NOT PROPERLY FIXED
two defects due to factory defects
C. NO VENT OR FLASH-HOLE (factory defects)
D. NO PRIMING MIXTURE AT ALL (factory defects)
-is a small part that can be replaced in a larger piece of equipment, or a tube with an explosive and a bullet for a gun.
CARTRIDGE
–priming mixture and gunpowder can be found here
CARTRIDGE
-is the metal object that is fired out of a gun when its trigger is pulled.
BULLET
- is used to describe the supply of shells or bullets used for a gun, as well as nuclear, chemical or biological matter that can be used in much larger weapons.
AMMUNITION
–cartridge and the bullet
AMMUNITION
- after the primer crushed the priming mixture against the anvil there will be IGNITION OF PRIMING MIXTURE AND PRIMER FLASH, ignited priming mixture enters the VENT OR CANAL and the PRIMER FLASH ignites the gunpowder and combustion happens.
COMBUSTION OF GUNPOWDER
- after the primer crushed the priming mixture against the anvil there will be _______, ignited priming mixture enters the ____ and the ____ ignites the gunpowder and combustion happens.
IGNITION OF PRIMING MIXTURE AND PRIMER FLASH
VENT OR CANAL
PRIMER FLASH
–no misfire and hangfire
COMBUSTION OF GUNPOWDER
If priming mixture is defective, __________
NO EXPLOSION
If priming mixture is live and gunpowder is defective or wet, only the _____ will explode.
PRIMING MIXTURE
may happen if there is stock - up.
“BACKFIRE AND BARREL BREAKAGE”
- is to have the reverse of the desired or expected effect.
BACKFIRE
–a.k.a BLOCK BACK
BACKFIRE
- consists of a series of shooting and cleaning sequences.
BARREL BREAKAGE
–not working primer
BACKFIRE
–material fatigue or overuse of firearm
–the firearm was made poorly
BARREL BREAKAGE
To propel the bullet, priming mixture and gunpowder must explode?
SIMULTANEOUSLY
- The gas expands in different directions that tends the ____ to separate.
BULLET AND SHELL
___ due to its tremendous pressure inside will also expand towards the WALL OF THE CHAMBER by force.
SHELL
The SHELL due to its tremendous pressure inside will also expand towards the ________ by force.
WALL OF THE CHAMBER
causing individual characteristics
“CHAMBER MARKINGS”
- The gas expands in different directions that tends the BULLET AND SHELL to separate.
EXPANSION OF THE HEATED GAS IN THE CHAMBER
-The SHELL due to its tremendous pressure inside will also expand towards the WALL OF THE CHAMBER by force. This causes “CHAMBER MARKINGS”, causing individual characteristics
EXPANSION OF THE HEATED GAS IN THE CHAMBER
Chamber marking was made during?
during manufacturing
- When a heated gas created by the gunpowder is developed, a tremendous pressure in the chamber of the firearms.
PRESSURE WILL BE DEVELOPED
PSI means
PER SQUARE INCH
The impact between the base of the cartridge case and the breechface of the firearm will create marking called
BREECHFACE MARK
-is the portion of the breechblock exactly the same size with the base of the shell near the FIRING PIN HOLE
BREECHFACE
BREECHFACE is near the
FIRING PIN HOLE
how many chamber markings?
1/4
-this contact leaves a small hemispherical mark near the center of the case
FIRING PIN
-igniting the gunpowder and propelling the bullet through the barrel
FIRING PIN
-As the expanding gas propels the bullet out of the barrel, the case is pushed backward into the?
BREECH FACE
-this creates an impression of the breech face on the
REAR OF THE CASE
-this backward force also pushes the slide backwards
EXTRACTOR
-as this happens, the _____ pulls on the case, leaving a grip impression on the side.
EXTRACTOR
-a spring-loaded piece that helps to send the casing out the pistol after you fire.
EXTRACTOR
–slam the cartridge then bite the Extractor Groove to pull it
EXTRACTOR
-As the slides nears the end of its movement, the case makes contact with the _______, causing the case to flip up and out of the slide
EJECTOR
-this leaves a small mark on the bottom left of the case
EJECTOR MARK
–responsible for the removable of the cartridge
EJECTOR MARK
WHAT ARE THE CHAMBER MARKINGS?
FIRING PIN
BREECHFACE MARKING
EJECTOR MARKING
EXTRACTOR MARK
- each part has the potential to leave distinctive microscopic marks on the fired case
MICROSCOPIC MARKS
refers to the fatal equivalent of bullet compared to a pound that is drop from a certain height.
ENERGY
is compared to an MMA FIGHTER WITH 135 KILOS is dropped from 80FT floor of the building, imagine the impact on the ground.
ENERGY
-In horizontal flight of bullet, most firearms have ______ that cause the person to be thrown on the ground or falls ground.
“KNOCKING EFFECT”
in every action, there is corresponding opposite reaction.
“KINETIC ENERGY PRINCIPLE”
is the rearward movement of the gun caused by equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet after the explosion.
RECOIL
–backward force exerted by the gun
RECOIL
gadget that is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil.
“COMPENSATOR OR MUZZLE BRAKE”
–reduces recoil and muzzle rise
– minimizing or avoiding
COMPENSATOR
- is the upward motion of a pistol’s barrel when fired.
MUZZLE RISE, OR MUZZLE CLIMB
- often called KNOCKBACK, KICKBACK OR SIMPLY KICK
RECOIL
- The speed of the bullet inside the barrel depends on the AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER inside the cartridge case.
VELOCITY OF THE BULLET IN THE BARREL
speed of the bullet is
METERS PER SECOND
is used to load the proper amount of gunpowder in every ammunition.
“BALLISTICS DATA”
- The speed of the bullet inside the barrel depends on the ______ inside the cartridge case.
AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER
–important data in military
“BALLISTICS DATA”
- when the bullet is driven by the heated gas by tremendous pressure towards the muzzle end, the bullet will rotate following the riflings inside the gun barrel.
ROTATION OF THE BULLET INSIDE THE BARREL
is the stability of the bullet within the effective range due to the twist of the rifling.
GYROSCOPIC STABILITY
This happens only to “RIFLED - BORE BARRELS”.
GYROSCOPIC STABILITY
the bullet will just move forward with no stability.
“SMOOTH - BORE BARRELS”
- has grooves that help guide a bullet down the length of the barrel.
RIFLED-BORE BARRELS
- such as the modern high-powered hunting rifle, are extremely accurate.
RIFLED-BORE BARRELS
-fire a single projectile
RIFLED-BORE BARRELS
–used to clean the wounds
RIFLED-BORE BARRELS
–chamber marking (firing pin, breech face mark, ejector marking, extractor marking) + rifling marks
RIFLED-BORE BARRELS
- has a barrel that is completely smooth on the inside
SMOOTH-BORE BARRELS
-are far less accurate and usually are used for short range.
SMOOTH-BORE BARRELS
-are well-suited for firing multiple projectiles at the same time.
SMOOTH-BORE BARRELS
–close range
–once targeted, you are damaged or can be dead
SMOOTH-BORE BARRELS
–chamber marking only (firing pin, breech face mark, ejector marking, extractor marking)
SMOOTH-BORE BARRELS
- the lands and grooves, starting from the breech end up to the muzzle end of the barrel, will engraved in the body of the bullet, depending on the number of lands and grooves as part of the class characteristics of firearm.
ENGRAVING OF THE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF BULLET
- refers to helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis.
RIFLING
is a steel brush to remove the metal left in the barrel
“METAL FOWLING”
a lubricant substance called
“GRAPHITE”
will spread and eventually prevent adherence of metal inside the barrel.
“GRAPHITE”
- is the study of the motion and traits of projectiles, after it has left from the muzzle of the gun, which includes the condition of the bullets movement, and flight up to the target.
EXTERIOR OR EXTERNAL BALLISTICS
–dry lubricant
“GRAPHITE”
- A sound or noise created at the muzzle end of the gun.
MUZZLE BLAST
-This is caused by the sudden exit of the heated gas coming in contact with air in the surrounding atmosphere at the muzzle end.
MUZZLE BLAST
– spark in the end of the muzzle
–pressure release before or after it releases in the gun
- FLASH
COMPONENTS OF MUZZLE BLAST
- FLASH
- SOUND
- SHOCKWAVE
- HEAT AND SMOKE
-prominent in big firearm such as shotgun
- SHOCKWAVE
-chemical reaction of gun
- HEAT AND SMOKE
- These are generated at the muzzle end, whenever the cartridge explodes from a firearm.
MUZZLE ENERGY
–moving powers of bullet, how distractive the bullet is
MUZZLE ENERGY
curved path in the horizontal flight of the bullet
. TRAJECTORY
STAGES OF TRAJECTORY
- STRAIGHT HORIZONTAL LINE
- PARABOLA LIKE FLIGHT
- VERTICAL DROP
-It will create energy which is expressed in foot pounds, based on the powder load of the cartridge.
MUZZLE ENERGY
-This is due to the air resistance encountered by the bullet.
“WOBBLING”.
–pathway of projectile
TRAJECTORY
The curved path in the horizontal flight of the bullet, which usually occurred a few meters away from the muzzle of the firearm called
“WOBBLING”.
- run out of energy or maximum range was reached
PARABOLA LIKE FLIGHT
- means a path that becomes more and more curved as range increases and velocity drops off.
PARABOLIC TRAJECTORY
maximum range was reached therefore it will fall down
VERTICAL DROP
the base of the bullet is not balance in density, or the portion of the base of the bullet is lacking in its ideal size due to factory defect.
TIPPING BULLET
in the other side of the bullet due to air bubble during the manufacture of the bullet.
“AIR SPACE”
- is the straight distance from the muzzle of the gun to the target.
RANGE
KINDS OF RANGE
- ACCURATE OR EFFECTIVE RANGE
- MAXIMUM OR ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGE
–not maxing out the bullet
ACCURATE OR EFFECTIVE RANGE
- refers to the distance within which the shooter or the firer has control of his shot meaning he can place his shot at the desire spot.
ACCURATE OR EFFECTIVE RANGE
- refers to the farthest distance that a projectile can be propelled from a firearm, up to final vertical drop to the ground.
MAXIMUM OR ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGE
-It is said that to achieve this range of a Projectile, it must have an elevation of 45 DEGREES.
MAXIMUM OR ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGE
MAXIMUM OR ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RANGE has elevation of ?
45 DEGREES.
COMPONENTS OF RANGE
- TYPE OF BULLET
- CALIBRE OR CALIBER OF FIREARM
- WITH RANGE
diameter of muzzle
CALIBER OR CALIBRE
-is the speed of the bullet per unit of the time, which is express in foot per second
VELOCITY
– refers to the stillness of rapid spinning motion of an elongated projectile that enables it to achieve its highest momentum for stability
GYROSCOPIC ACTION
speed of the bullet per unit of the time, which is express in foot per second, this could be determined by an instrument known as
CHRONOGRAPH.
- digital that is being used today to measure velocity
CRONOGRAPH
- the resistance encountered by the bullet in flight, which is early experience by the bullet few meters away from the muzzle of the gun.
AIR RESISTANCE
which reduces the speed of the bullet.
AERODYNAMIC DRAG
Air resistance usually called
AERODYNAMIC DRAG
- first to determine the drag of projectiles in flight with the use of the Ballistic Pendulum.
BENJAMIN ROBINS
THREE PARTS OF DRAG OF BULLET
- BOW RESISTANCE
- SKIN FRICTION
- BASE DRAG
- this is due to air pressure at the head of the bullet.
BOW RESISTANCE
–first striking the tip of the bullet
BOW RESISTANCE
- this is cause by the friction of air moving along the middle portion of the body of the bullet.
SKIN FRICTION
–a.k.a VISCOUS DRAG which has minimal effect
SKIN FRICTION
- this is due to the pressure and disturbance of the air behind the base of the bullet.
BASE DRAG
The unstable movement of bullet in flight it is called
“YAW”.
–every bullet has flat in the end where it creates low pressure region that increases the pull of the bullet making it decreases speed
BASE DRAG
YAWING FACTORS
- INHERENT BARREL
- GYROSCOPIC INCOMPATIBILITY
- WIND
The sideways hitting of bullet resulting to oval-like entry of bullet caused by yaw is called
“KEYHOLE SHOT”.
Yaw is due to the wind coming from the side of the firer, to solve this dilemma the firer is using gadget known as
“WINDAGE”
is place and attached in the rear sight portion for adjustment
WINDAGE
- is a tool or equipment to read the existing air in order to know if it is okay to shoot
WINDAGE
- is the downward reaction of the bullet towards earth center, due to its weight.
PULL OF GRAVITY
-Once a projectile reaches the summit of its trajectory, it experiences a downward reaction due to its weight.
PULL OF GRAVITY
makes the projectile FALL toward the earth while in flight.
GRAVITATIONAL PULL OR THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
-refers to the effect of the air drag on the bullet’s flight and can be used to predict any particular flight and can be used to predict any particular trajectory through drag table which apply to particular bullet and usually published by the BULLET MANUFACTURER.
“BALLISTICS COEFFICIENT”
–numerical value of projectile
“BALLISTICS COEFFICIENT”
–to maintain and overcome aerodynamic drag
“BALLISTICS COEFFICIENT”
“BALLISTICS COEFFICIENT” is published by
BULLET MANUFACTURER
is based on the power and velocity, to ensure depths of the entry of the bullet on the target.
PENETRATION
- it is the creation of face to face opening.
PERFORATION
–ability to pierce through the target (exit)
PERFORATION
- The bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface.
RICOCHET
–deviate the normal trajectory
RICOCHET
–reasons resulting the ricochet:
- KIND OF BULLET BEING USED
- CHARACTERISTIC OF SURFACE
- PROJECTILE
- KIND OF BULLET
hallow- point bullet or round- nose bullet
-this is whereby the projectile may strike into a target to some depth, leaving an?
INDENTATION
- refers to the physical action of high explosives.
DETONATION
–idle time before explosion
–propagate explosion
DETONATION
–this is the first thing to happen before explosion
DETONATION
- the process of shattering and breaking up of bullets into fragments.
FRAGMENTATION
–once detonated it will explode
–designed for shrapnel
GRENADES
–metal fragment that flash out
SHRAPNEL
- The study of the effect of the impact of the bullet on the target.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
-The knocking power of particular powder load of the cartridges makes a devastating lesion, caused by the bullet.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
deals with the destructive actions and effects of projectile at the end of its flight.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
-That object should be the target of the shooter.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
The Damage to a target can be produced by
IMPACT, BLAST, HEAT, FRAGMENTATION, FIRE, RADIATION AND CHEMICAL OR BACTERIOLOGICAL ACTION.
The Damage to a target can be produced by IMPACT, BLAST, HEAT, FRAGMENTATION, FIRE, RADIATION AND CHEMICAL OR BACTERIOLOGICAL ACTION.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
-A projectile’s ability to damage a target depends on the size, shape, weight, speed, and composition of the projectile including the composition of the target.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
- The size of the bullet grouping on the target.
TERMINAL ACCURACY
-In the target paper, there are
CORRESPONDING NUMBERS
-On the top portion, it is called
12 O’CLOCK.
The bottom is called
6 O’CLOCK
the left side is called
9 o’clock
- distractive power of bullet
TERMINAL ENERGY
The center of the target paper is called
“BULLS EYE”.
the right side is called
3 O’CLOCK.
- The energy of the bullet when it strike the target.
TERMINAL ENERGY
This refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet when it struck the target.
TERMINAL ENERGY
- This refers to the speed of the bullet upon striking or hitting the target, which is express in foot per second or meter per second.
TERMINAL VELOCITY
-a.k.a FINAL VELOCITY
TERMINAL VELOCITY
speed of the bullet is
foot per second or meter per second.
- This refers to the depths of the entry of the bullet on the target.
TERMINAL PENETRATION
depth in loam soil
TWENTY FOUR (24) INCHES
depth in oak tree
FOURTEEN (14) INCHES
depth in dry sand
SEVEN (7) INCHES
depth in concrete or cemented wall.
FOUR (4) INCHES
how many yards
TWO HUNDRED YARDS
_____ military rifle projectiles?
average
200 yards is equivalent to
180 METERS
-It is expressed in hundredths of an inch such as CAL. 45, 38, 25 and etc.
AMERICAN SYSTEM
-It is expressed in thousandths of an inch such as CAL. 357, .380, .223 and etc.
ENGLISH SYSTEM
-It is expressed in millimeters such as 9MM, 5.56MM, 7.62MM and etc.
CONTINENTAL OR EUROPEAN SYSTEM
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF CALIBER MEASUREMENTS
1.A. AMERICAN SYSTEM
2.B. ENGLISH SYSTEM
3.C. CONTINENTAL OR EUROPEAN SYSTEM
- Thus refers to the investigation and identification of firearms by means of ammunitions fired from the submitted suspected firearms.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
is the pioneer in the field of forensic ballistics, was an expert in identifying firearm from the fired bullets.
DR. ALBERT LLEWELLYN HALL
FORM OF BALLISTICS
- TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS OR INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
- WOUND BALLISTICS
- It is the study of a projectiles behavior from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized.
TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS OR INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
-In other words, this is the area of ballistics that deals with the motion of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle until the only forces acting upon it are due to exterior ballistics.
TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS OR INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
–in between the internal and external ballistics
TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS OR INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
- it is closely associated with terminal ballistics, however it is primarily concerned with the nature and medical implications of physical injury and shock caused by bullets and explosively driven fragments.
WOUND BALLISTICS
THE PROBLEMS IN FORENSIC BALLISTICS
1.a. Given an EVIDENCE BULLET, determine the caliber and type or make of firearm used.
2.b. Given a FIRED CARTRIDGE CASE, determine the caliber and type or make of firearm used.
3.c. Given TWO OR MORE FIRED BULLETS, determine if they came from one and the same firearm (or two, or different firearms).
4.d. Given TWO OR MORE FIRED CARTRIDGE CASES, determine if they came from one and the same firearm (or two, or different firearms).
5.e. Given and EVIDENCE BULLET AND A SUSPECTED FIREARM, identify whether the submitted evidence bullet was fired from the submitted firearm.
6.f. Given a CARTRIDGE CASE AND A SUSPECTED FIREARM, determine whether the spent cartridge case was fired from the submitted suspected firearm.
7.g. Given a FIREARM, determine if serviceable or not by test firing.
