Chapter 1

Question 1

two or more individuals who are connected by and within social relationship

Answer 1

group

Question 2

two-members groups

Answer 2

dyads

Question 3

three-members groups

Answer 3

triads

Question 4

He defined a group to be two or more people in “face-to-face interaction as evidenced by the criteria of gesticulation, laughter, smiles, talk, play or work”

Answer 4

Sociologist John James

Question 5

John James suggested that groups tend to “gravitate to the __________ size, two”

Answer 5

smallest

Question 6

Definitions of the word group are as varied as groups themselves, but a commonality shared by many of these definitions is an emphasis on ____________ that link members to one another.

Answer 6

social relations

Question 7

The three definitions of groups

Answer 7

• two or more individuals
• who are connected
• by and within social relations

Question 8

“Two or more individuals [who] perceive themselves to be members of the same social category” (Turner,1982, p.15).

Answer 8

Categorization

Question 9

“Three or more people… who(a) think of themselves as a group, (b) are interdependent (e.g., with regard to shared goals or behaviors that affect one another), and (c)communicate (interact) with one another (via face-to-face or technological means)” (Frey & Konieczka, 2010, p.317).

Answer 9

Communication

Question 10

“Two or more persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each person influences and is influenced by each other person” (Shaw, 1981, p.454)

Answer 10

Infuence

Question 11

“A dynamic whole based on interdependence rather than similarity” (Lewin, 1948, p.184)

Answer 11

Interdependence

Question 12

“An aggregation of two or more people who are to some degree in dynamic interrelation with one another” (McGrath, 1984, p.8)

Answer 12

Interrelations

Question 13

“A psychological group is any number of people who interact with each other, are psychologically aware of each other, and perceives themselves to be in a group” (Pennington, 2002, p.3)

Answer 13

Psychological significance

Question 14

“Individuals who stand in certain relations to each other, for example, as sharing a common purpose or having a common intentionality, or acting together, or at least having a common interest” (Gould, 2004, p.119)

Answer 14

Relations

Question 15

“Two or more people possessing a common social identification and whose existence as a group is recognized by a third party” (Brown, 2000, p.19)

Answer 15

Shared identity

Question 16

“Three or more people who work together interdependently on an agreed-upon activity or goal (Keyton, 2002, p.5)

Answer 16

Shared tasks and goals

Question 17

“Two or more people” (Williams, 2010, p.269)

Answer 17

Size

Question 18

“Persons who recognize that they constitute a meaningful social unit, interact on that basis, and are committed to the social unity” (Fine, 1012, p.21; Kerr & Tindale, 2014)

Answer 18

Social unit

Question 19

“A social unit which consist of a number of individuals who stand in (more or less) definite status and role relationships to one another and which possesses a set of values or norms of its own regulating the behavior of individual members, at least in matters of consequence to the group” (Sherif & Sherif, 1956, p,144)

Answer 19

Structure

Question 20

“An intact social system, complete with boundaries, interdependence for some shared purpose, and differentiated member roles” (Hackman & Katz, 2010, p.1210)

Answer 20

Systems

Question 21

What are the four basic types of groups?

Answer 21

• Primary groups
• Social groups
• Collectives
• Categories

Question 22

Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley (1909) labeled the small, intimate clusters of close associates, such as families, good friends, or cliques of peers

Answer 22

Primary groups

Question 23

These groups profoundly influence the behavior, feelings, and judgments of their members, for members spend much of their time interacting with one another, usually in face-to-face settings with many of the other members present. Even when the group is dispersed, members nonetheless feel they are still “in” the group, and they consider the group to be a very important part of their lives.

Answer 23

Primary groups

Question 24

They are larger and more formally organized than primary groups, and memberships tend to be shorter in duration and less emotionally involving.

Answer 24

Social (Secondary) groups

Question 25

Other terms for social groups

Answer 25

- secondary groups - task groups - Gesselschaften

Question 26

Some groups come into existence when people are drawn together by something—an event, an activity, or even danger—but then the group dissolves when the experience ends. Any gathering of individuals can be considered a __________, but most theorists reserve the term for larger, less intricately interconnected associations among people

Answer 26

collective

Question 27

A relatively small number of individuals who interact with one another over an extended period of time, such as work groups, clubs, and congregations.

Answer 27

social group

Question 28

A relatively large aggregation or group of individuals who display similarities in actions and outlook. A street crowd, a line of people (a queue), and a panicked group escaping a fire are examples, as are more widely dispersed groups (e.g., listeners who respond similarly to a public service announcement).

Answer 28

collective

Question 29

The degree to which individuals, groups, or larger aggregates of people are linked in social relationships that yield positive, productive benefits; analogous to economic capital (fiscal property) but determined by extensiveness of social connectedness.

Answer 29

social capital

Question 30

Like financial or economic capital, it describes how rich you are, but in interpersonal terms rather than monetary or commercial terms.

Answer 30

social capital

Question 31

A perceptual grouping of people who are assumed to be similar to one another in some ways but different in one or more ways, such as all women, the elderly, college students, or all the citizens of a specific country.

Answer 31

social category

Question 32

An individual’s sense of self derived from relationships and memberships in groups; also, those aspects of the self that are assumed to be common to most or all of the members of the same group or social category.

Answer 32

social identity

Question 33

A socially shared set of qualities, characteristics, and behavioral expectations ascribed to a particular group or category of people.

Answer 33

stereotype

Question 34

the qualities of the individuals who are members of the group

Answer 34

composition

Question 35

The individuals who constitute a group

Answer 35

composition

Question 36

Membership is fluid; members may voluntary come and go as they please with no consequences, or the group may frequently vote members of the group or invite new ones.

Answer 36

open group

Question 37

The membership roster changes more slowly in this type of group.

Answer 37

close group

Question 38

Difference between social networks and groups

Answer 38

Social networks lack boundaries

Question 39

A set of interpersonally interconnected individuals or groups.

Answer 39

social network

Question 40

This includes all group behavior that is focused principally on the group’s work, projects, plans, and goals.

Answer 40

task interaction

Question 41

The conjointly adjusted actions of group members that pertain to the group’s projects, tasks, and goals.

Answer 41

task interaction

Question 42

(socioemotional interaction) The conjointly adjusted actions of group members that relate to or influence the nature and strength of the emotional and interpersonal bonds within the group, including both sustaining (social support, consideration) and undermining actions (criticism, conflict).

Answer 42

relationship interaction

Question 43

Mutual dependence, as when one’s outcomes, actions, thoughts, feelings, and experiences are influenced, to some degree, by other people.

Answer 43

interdependence

Question 44

The organization of a group, including the members, their interrelations, and their interactions.

Answer 44

group structure

Question 45

A socially shared set of behaviors, characteristics, and responsibilities expected of people who occupy a particular position or type of position within a group

Answer 45

role

Question 46

A consensual and often implicit standard that describes what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context.

Answer 46

norm

Question 47

What are the four basic group goals according to Joseph E. McGrath?

Answer 47

1. Generating 2. Choosing 3. Negotiating 4. Executing

Question 48

Groups concoct the strategies they will use to accomplish their goals (Type 1: planning tasks) or create altogether new ideas and approaches to their problems (Type 2: creativity tasks)

Answer 48

Generating

Question 49

Groups make decisions about issues that have correct solutions (Type 3: intellective tasks) or questions that can be answered in many ways (Type 4: decision-making tasks)

Answer 49

Choosing

Question 50

Groups resolve differences of opinion among members regarding their goals or decisions (Type 5: cognitive conflict tasks) or settle competitive disputes among members (Type 6: mixed-motive tasks)

Answer 50

Negotiating

Question 51

Groups do things, including taking part in competitions (Type 7: contests/battles/ competitive tasks) or creating some product or carrying out collective actions (Type 8: performances/psychomotor tasks)

Answer 51

Executing

Question 52

These are deliberately formed by its members or an external authority for some purpose.

Answer 52

planned groups

Question 53

These come into existence spontaneously when individuals join together in the same physical location or gradually over time as individuals find themselves repeatedly interacting with the same subset of individuals.

Answer 53

emergent groups

Question 54

The fourfold taxonomy of groups according to Arrow and colleagues

Answer 54

- Concocted groups - Founded groups - Circumstantial groups - Self-organizing groups

Question 55

These are planned by individuals or authorities outside of the group. A team of laborers digging a trench, a flight crew of an airplane, and a military squad would all be parts of this groups, since those who created them are not actually members of the group.

Answer 55

Concocted groups

Question 56

These are planned by one or more individuals who remain within the group. A small Internet start-up company, a study group, a expeditionary team, or grassroots community action group would all be part of this group.

Answer 56

Founded groups

Question 57

These are emergent, unplanned groups that arise when external, situational forces set the stage for people to join together, often temporarily, in a unified group. A group of travelers stranded together when their bus breaks, a mob breaking shop windows and setting parked cars on fire, and patrons at a movie theater would be examples of this group.

Answer 57

Circumstantial groups

Question 58

These emerge when interacting individuals gradually align their activities in a cooperative system of interdependence. Parties, gatherings of surfers waiting for waves just offshore, drivers leaving a crowded parking lot through a single exit, and a half dozen adolescents who hang out together are all examples of this groups, but their organization is generated by implicit adjustments of each member to each other member

Answer 58

Self-organizing groups

Question 59

The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to group goals and esprit de corps.

Answer 59

group cohesion

Question 60

The apparent cohesiveness or unity of an assemblage of individuals; the quality of being a single entity rather than a set of independent, unrelated indivi duals

Answer 60

entitativity

Question 61

The theoretical premise, put forward by W. I. Thomas, which maintains that people’s conception of a social situation, even if incorrect, will determine their reactions in the situation; “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

Answer 61

Thomas theorem

Question 62

The belief that all things, including individuals and groups, have a basic nature that makes them what they are and distinguishes them from other things.

Answer 62

essentialism

Question 63

The word dynamic comes from the Greek _________, which means to be strong, powerful, and energetic.

Answer 63

dynamikós

Question 64

Interpersonal processes that occur within and between groups; also, the scientific study of those processes.

Answer 64

group dynamics

Question 65

Examine the personal and interpersonal processes that turned these strangers into a true group.

Answer 65

Formative Process

Question 66

The need to belong—and the consequences of shifting from an individualistic, self-focused orientation to a group level perspective.

Answer 66

Formative Processes

Question 67

Personal and situational forces that prompt people to join groups or remain apart from them

Answer 67

Formative Processes

Question 68

No group would exist for very long if the members refuse to coordinate their actions with the actions of others in group.

Answer 68

Influence Processes

Question 69

A host of group processes operate to transform individuals, with their own personal motives, inclinations, and preferences, into a socially coordinated, smooth-functioning collective

Answer 69

Influence Processes

Question 70

Groups get things done. Across the gamut/range of human experience, we find example after example of interdependent individuals pooling their personal efforts to reach specifiable goals

Answer 70

Performance processes

Question 71

These tensions tend to undermine the cohesiveness of the group and cause specific relationships within the group to weaken or break altogether.

Answer 71

Conflict processes

Question 72

This considers how the physical environment affects a group’s dynamics.

Answer 72

Contextual processes

Question 73

What are the stages of group development according to Tuckman's theory?

Answer 73

1. Orientation (forming) 2. Conflict (storming) 3. Structure (norming) 4. Performance (performing) 5. Dissolution (adjourning)

Question 74

A stage of group development wherein there is an exchange of background personal information, uncertainty, tentative communication

Answer 74

Orientation

Question 75

A stage of group development in which there is a dissatisfaction, disagreement, challenges to leader and procedures, cliques form

Answer 75

Conflict

Question 76

A stage of group development in which cohesiveness, agreement on procedures, standards, and roles, improved communication

Answer 76

Structure

Question 77

A stage of group development in which they focus on the work of the group, task completion, decision making, cooperation

Answer 77

Performance

Question 78

A stage of group development in which there are departures, withdrawal, decreased dependence, and regret

Answer 78

Dissolution

Question 79

It is the “field of inquiry dedicated to advancing knowledge about the nature of groups, the laws of their development, and their interrelations with individuals, other groups, and larger institutions

Answer 79

Group dynamics

Question 80

Why study groups?

Answer 80

- Understanding People - Understanding the Social World - Applications to Practical Problems

Question 81

The tendency to overestimate the causal influence of dispositional factors while underemphasizing the causal influence of situational factors

Answer 81

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Question 82

It is an indicator of inequality within a given culture, across individuals, groups, and classes

Answer 82

Power Distance Index (PDI)

Question 83

It contrasts group-centered and more individualistic cultures.

Answer 83

Individualism (IDV)

Question 84

It refers to the extent to which masculinity and its associated elements—competition, assertiveness, machismo—are manifested in the culture’s practices, including role expectations associated with men and women.

Answer 84

Masculinity (MAS)

Question 85

It describes the extent to which the culture’s practices minimize uncertainty and ambiguity, generally by developing extensive social and legal guidelines, emphasizing security, and adopting religious or philosophical beliefs that define how one should behave.

Answer 85

Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI)

Question 86

It refers to a field of inquiry dedicated to achieving knowledge about the nature of group interrelations with the individuals, other groups and larger institution

Answer 86

Group dynamics

Question 87

Psychological processes occurring within a social group

Answer 87

Intragroup dynamics

Question 88

Psychological processes occurring between social groups

Answer 88

Intergroup dynamics

Question 89

The ARE Model

Answer 89

Awareness Responsiveness Effectivity/Effectiveness

Question 90

This is sensitivity to self, to others and to the environment

Answer 90

Awareness

Question 91

This should include discerning how the other person understands or interprets the communication

Answer 91

Responsiveness

Question 92

This aims to give the learner satisfaction; we derived this from effective group interaction and interrelationships.

Answer 92

Effectivity/Effectiveness

Question 93

2 powerful elements affecting group development and productivity:

Answer 93

Group content and group process

Question 94

information within (actual words, ideas exchanged) and purpose of the group;

Answer 94

Group content

Question 95

interactions and relationships among members within the group

Answer 95

Group process

Question 96

It is a special form of social interaction: a reciprocal, transactional and transformational process in which individuals are permitted to influence and motivate others to promote the attaining of group and individual goals

Answer 96

Leadership/Leader

Question 97

Types of Leader

Answer 97

Task Leader Social Leader Transformational Leader

Question 98

Types of roles

Answer 98

Facilitative/building role Maintenance role Blocking role

Question 99

adds to the functioning of the group in a positive and constructive way; focuses on helping everyone feel like a part of the group (initiators of action and ideas, information seekers, opinion seekers, coordinators, orienteers, evaluators, recorders)

Answer 99

Facilitative/building role

Question 100

contributes to the social-emotional bonding of members and the group’s overall wellbeing; group members are encouraged to openly express “both positive and negative feelings, supportive responses to member concerns and contributions, and acceptance of differences”) (encouragers, harmonizers, compromisers, commentators, followers);

Answer 100

Maintenance role

Question 101

essentially an antigroup role (aggressors, blockers, dominators, recognition seekers, self-righteous moralists).

Answer 101

Blocking role

Question 102

guidelines by which the group adhere to

Answer 102

group rules

Question 103

Any behavior that moves the group to areas of discomfort and conflict

Answer 103

Resistance