chapter 1 Flashcards
The word “health” comes from the English word “WHAT” which connotes “WHAT” or the “WHAT” of a person such as his physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and sexual aspects.
heal
the totality or wholeness
“a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
HEALTH by WHO
there are 6 aspects of health:
the Physical health, Mental health, Emotional health, Social health, Spiritual health, and Sexual health
T OR F
It is important to remember that to be truly healthy, one must take care of all these 5 aspects.
F; 6 ASPECTS
, the most familiar aspect of health concerns the physical body of man- that is, from head to foot.
physical health
refers to the way our body functions.
physical health
- This includes being free from disease or sickness and being at your recommended body weight.
physical health
- In order to take care of our WHAT, one must eat the right food, exercise regularly, and avoid taking alcohol and drugs.
physical health
refers to a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his/her community.
MENTAL HEALTH BY WHO
- It also refers to the mental capacity of man in having positive outlook in one’s health.
MENTAL HEALTH
pertains to the capability of an individual to express his own feelings and develop personal relationship with other people.
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
- Individuals with good ___________ health must be able to get along with others and express their emotions in a positive and nondestructive way.
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
the quality of your relationships with friends, family, teachers, and others you are in contact with.
SOCIAL HEALTH
- This connotes the ability to show concern and support to other people at all times.
SOCIAL HEALTH
- Constant communication with friends, family members, and other people in the community is an example.
SOCIAL HEALTH
- This refers to an individual’s capacity and ability to express his spiritual maturity and moral integrity.
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
- We should respect the belief of others with regard to their respective religious practices.
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
is maintaining harmonious relationships with other living things and having spiritual direction and purpose.
- Spiritual health
- This includes living according to one’s ethics, morals, and values.
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
refers to the capacity of an individual to accept his or her sexuality, including his or her gender preferences like being a male or female, gay or lesbian.
SEXUAL HEALTH
In reality, it is impossible for everyone to be ever completely healthy or unhealthy. The goal, however, is to achieve WHAT
wellness
The main objective of health is to WHAT
promote the health welfare as well as health services of everybody.
- The inner lane of the dimension of health refers to the WHAT aspects of every person.
biological
This concerns our individual responsibility in keeping ourselves healthy.
BIOLOGICAL ASPECT
- The middle lane, on the other hand, refers to the WHAT which is a natural and God-given gift to his creatures.
environment
the outer lane of the dimension of health is the WHAT.
SOCIETY
With regard to health welfare and services, the WHAT has a major role on how to ensure the health of the people by means of proposing and passing laws to protect the environment.
society
are the ones who regulate and help the economy with regard to health services.
HEALTH SECTORS
It proposes plans and procedures for the proper regulation and implementation of health services in all places.
HEALTH SECTORS
Determinants of health
- THE ROLE OF GENDER
- Environment and Health
- income and health
- occupation and health
- Private Sector’s Participation on Public Health
- Government Expenditure on Health
refers to the sexual orientation of an individual.
GENDER
defined as a set of behavioral norms associated with males and females, respectively in a given social group or system. This gender role has a significant function on how a person takes care of his or her own health.
GENDER ROLE
- Take for example in some countries in South East Asia, from a traditional point or perspective, women find themselves in subordinate positions to men and are socially, culturally, and economically dependent on them.
- Males avail more privileges and services on health care than females.
- The Role of Gender
- In general, women are more responsible in taking care of their health but in some areas, gender becomes the basis of the privileges of health care.
- The Role of Gender
- This means that in general, women are disadvantaged with regard to health and health care services. Empirical studies show that gender inequalities have led to a systematic devaluing and neglect of women’s health.
- The Role of Gender
- In the side of men, gender differences affect men’s health. Like for instance, men are more likely to be involved in road crashes or occupational accidents as they are more likely to be outside of the home or in a workplace than women.
THE ROLE OF GENDER
- The life advantage for girls and women that is seen in health statistics in industrialized countries is blurred in South Asia where gender based on social, cultural, and in some case, legal constructs and practices, overrides the biological advantage of being born female.
the role of gender
- Policy makers, program managers, health professionals, and human rights workers in developing countries especially in South Asia need to be aware of and responsive to the detrimental health effects that gender plays throughout the life cycle.
the role of gender
refers to the aggregate of all external and internal conditions affecting the existence, growth, and welfare of organisms.
- Environment
- Environment commonly means ‘WHAT’ but in the context of life it means much more.
surrounding
- Life could originate and flourish on earth only because the WHAT of this planet provides the necessary conditions that all living things would survive like microbes, plants, animals including man.
environment
ENVIRONMENT the sum total of all the WHAT AND WHAT factors that surround and potentially influence an organism.
biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
T OR F
The environment and organism are both products of a continuing process of a universal change.
T
T OR F
- Each planet or animal species of today is just an outcome of millions of years of biological evolution and any form of life once lost cannot be created. Thus, all existing living form including man are related somehow to one another through common ancestry.
T
The environment has three fundamental components that are interlinked and interdependent with one another.
i. physical component
ii. chemical component
iii. biological component
- This refers to the energy of one form or another.
physical component
- Under this component, we could talk about physical hazards like global warming, radioactivity, and electromagnetic radiation which all have their adverse effects on our health.
physical component
- It refers to anything that occupied space, that is, matter. * Examples are natural and man-made substances.
chemical component
these substances or chemical components are present in our basic needs and it can cause chemical risk to health.
chemical component
, in order to produce electricity, combustion of coal and other fossil fuels are necessary. This combustion can produce smoke commonly known as WHAT AND WHAT
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and sulfur dioxide.
- These add to the environmental burden of carbon dioxide - an important element that destroys WHAT
‘green house’ gas.
- This refers to the living things including man.
BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT
- Biological hazards can be divided into 2 broad categories such as:
a. Biological components which produce adverse health effects through infection.
b. Biological components which produces adverse health effects in non-infective or allergic ways.
o A very good example of this category is water contaminated with disease causing organisms such as cholera and pathogens like ‘coliform bacteria’ that has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of gastro-intestinal and other infectious illness.
a. Biological components which produce adverse health effects through infection.
o Examples of allergens are grass pollen grains or factual material from house dust mites which may cause asthma or ‘allergic rhinitis’.
b. Biological components which produces adverse health effects in non-infective or allergic ways.
- The income of an individual can affect his own health in many ways.
- Income and Health
t or f
For one, a person’s income can either increase or lower his/her chance to access and afford health services.
t
- This is why individuals belonging to the low income bracket heavily rely on public health services rendered by the government and other non-government organizations (NGOs).
income and health
provides not only income, but also a sense of purpose, a daily schedule, physical activity, social contacts, and a social identity.
- Occupation or employment
- While in general, employment positively influences health, it may also cause harm to our body.
occupation and health
Hazards in the workplace
physical element
chemical element
biological element
psychological element
It refers to ionizing radiations (i.e x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, etc.), Non-ionizing radiation (such as microwaves, infrared, visible, and ultra-violet lights), and Ergonomic (such as posture, movement, and load bearing)
physical element
It refers to organic elements like solvents, resins, and fluxes, and Inorganic elements like lead and arsenic silica.
chemical element
It refers to allergens of biological origin (insects, mites), infections (tuberculosis, brucella, leptospira), and viruses (Hepatitis B).
biological element
This refers to the different stressors that may affect your health. Examples are the people you are working with, and the type of your job. In conclusion, long work hours, unemployment, and underemployment are some factors that can damage our health.
psychological element
- The impact of private sector on public health especially in a developing country is a big contribution to the government by means of providing goods and services in remote areas.
- Private Sector’s Participation on Public Health
- Since the efforts of the government alone are often inadequate, collaboration between the public and private sectors are necessary. The actions that these sectors could take are outlined below:
- Private Sector’s Participation on Public Health
The collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors could:
i. Agree on a working definition of the neediest countries and on how to target resources and special attention to them;
ii. Since the public sector has the data while the private sector has the expertise, the private and public sector can collaborate to estimate the need and demand for new and existing products in the developing countries.
iii. Manage the challenges of concessionary supply to the poorer countries;
iv. Test and pilot new products earlier in developing countries to establish their potential benefits;
v. Review partnerships engaged in donation, distribution, and strengthening of health services in poorer countries;
vi. Create additional partnerships, where necessary in order to develop the products most needed by poor countries.
- In the more economically advanced countries, it is generally regarded as reasonably successful in terms of health. They are characterized with better availability and access to a broad range of effective drugs, vaccines, and health care services.
- Government Expenditure on Health
- As seen in global statistics, poor countries tend to have worse health outcomes. This is because poverty and ill-health are intertwined, in fact, their relationship is double-edged one. Poverty breeds ill-health, while ill-health maintains poverty. That is why, poor people are thus caught in vicious circle.
- Government Expenditure on Health
