Chapter 1 Flashcards
2) Define anatomical position 3) Understand directional terminology and sectioning (transverse, frontal, coronal etc) and know how to use the terms (examples in lab manual and lectures) 4) Identify major organs and what body cavities they reside in 5) Understand serous membranes, serous cavities, what they do and the names of the layers. What organs to they surround and what are the specific names for each?
Anatomy
the study of body structures and their physical relationships
gross vs microscopic
visible to unaided eye vs need magnification to see
anatomical terminology
provides standard nomenclature worldwide
light microscopy
uses visible light through thin section of tissue
total magnification
objective (lens on revolving nosepiece) x ocular (lens in eye piece)
levels of organization
chemical/molecular - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
integumentary system
hair, skin (cutaneous membrane), nails
- protects against environmental hazards, controls temperatures
skeletal system
supports and protects soft tissues, stores minerals, forms blood
- bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments, bone marrow
axial skeleton
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
appendicular skeleton
supporting bones (pelvic and shoulder girdle), upper limb bones, lower limb bones
muscular system
axial and appendicular muscles, tendons
- produces movement, provides support, generates heat
nervous system
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (links CNS with other systems)
- directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
endocrine system
glands, pancreas, thymus, ovaries and testis
- directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
cardiovascular system
transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases (and blood and blood vessels)
- heart, blood, blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
lymphatic system
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessel
- defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
respiratory system
nasal cavity, sinus, pharynx (back of throat), larynx (vocal chords), bronchi, lung, diaphragm
- delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound (O2 -> CO2)
digestive system
oral cavity, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
- processes and digests food, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
urinary system
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
- eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes; controls pH; regulates blood pressure
reproductive system
mammary gland, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina, external genitalia
- produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth
prostate, seminal gland, ductus deferens, urethra, epididymis, testis, penis, scrotum
- produces sex cells and hormones
standard anatomical position
- standing up
- hands at sides
- palms facing forward
- feet together and facing forward
- eyes facing forward
supine
lying down, face up in anatomical position
prone
lying face down in anatomical position
abdominopelvic divisions
four abdomninopelvic quadrants
- formed by imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus
Right upper quadrant RUQ
right lobe of liver (majority), gallbladder, right kidney, pancreas (small portion) portions of stomach, small and large intestine (majority)
left upper quadrant LUQ
left lobe of liver (small portion), spleen, stomach (majority), pancreas (majority), left kidney, small (majority) and large intestine
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
large and small intestine, appendix, bladder
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
large and small intestine, bladder
posterior / anterior
dorsal / ventral
superior / inferior
cranial or cephalic / caudal
same side / different side
ipsilateral / contralateral
frontal or coronal plane
divides anterior from posterior
sagittal plane
divides right from left (midsagittal and parasagittal)
transverse or horizontal plane
divides superior from inferior
- also called cross section
deep vs superficial
internal vs external
body cavities (coeloms)
many organs within the interior of the body are suspended in closed, fluid-filled chambers
- provide protection and allow organ movement; lining prevents friction
dorsal body cavity
surrounded by bone
- cranial cavity (contains brain)
- vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)
thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
- surrounded by the chest wall and diaphragm
abdominal cavity
contains digestive viscera
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
viscera
soft internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
serous cavities
cavities lined by a serous membrane
- protects delicate organs
- permits movement of changes in size, shape of organs, and prevents friction
serous membrane
lines cavities that are closed to the exterior
divided into two continuous layers
- parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the body wall
- visceral layer: covers the external surface of specific organs
both layers produce a small amount of serous fluid to protect against friction between moving organs (in pleural space/cavity)
serous cavities
pericardial serous cavity (heart) - lubricates to allow beating
pleural cavity (lungs) - permits movement during breathing
peritoneal cavity (digestive upper pelvic cavity superior portion of bladder)
serous membrane examples
pericardium: serous membrane that surrounds the heart
pleura: serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
peritoneum: serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity contains many digestive glands and organs – peritoneal serous cavity contains most digestive organs (kidneys and pancreas are retroperitoneal i.e. kidneys and pancreas)
and pelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
left and right pleural cavities surrounding lungs
mediastinum contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels, also contains
- pericardial serous cavity
Mediastinum
Central space between lungs, heart and esophagus and lymph nodes
