Chapter 1 Flashcards
Study of disease
Pathology
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC
their job is to monitor, tract and report trends in health and aging. These statically information is sent to the NCHS the National Center for Health Statistics Studying these trends help the public in general to get the information out to better improve their lives and healt
CDC
abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the body
Disease
origin and development of disease Sequence of events that leads from cause to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestatio
Pathogenesis
Display of characteristic sign or symptoms of a disease (data) observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process
Manifestation
patients perception of a disease it is subjective (headache, stomach pain, this list is put under patient history)
Symptom
is an objective manifestation that can be detected by a physician during an exam (fever, rash, and swelling) listed on the physical examination
Signs
group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance they occur together
Syndrome
when a disease process, does not produce symptoms in the early stage
Asymptomatic
the study of the cause of a disease, the why and how (viruses, bacteria, trauma)
Etiology
acquired from or within the health care environment the need for proper infection control practices would help limit this type of acquired diseas
Nosocomial
this type of reaction are adverse responses that occur from the medical treatment themselves, Complications that arise from the medical practitioners (doctors, nurses, x-ray tech) it can be induced by attitude, treatment, or comments. It could such as a collapse lung from a line placement
Iatrogenic
a disease if unknown cause
Idiopathic
disease has a quick onset or lasting a relatively short period time
Acute
the opposite of acute it is a disease that presents slowly and over a long period of time
Chronic
name of the disease a patient is believed to have
Diagnosis
prediction of the course and the outcome of the disease, it can be based on both morbidity and mortality estimate
Prognosis
is the investigation of disease in large groups, the scientific study of the factors that influence the incidence, distribution and control of infectious diseases, the study of occurrence in human population. The incidence of a given disease refers to the number of new cases found in a given period of time
Epidemiology
decreasing normal body tissue, there could be changes in the tissue thickness, such as atrophy from limited us
. These type of diseases are classified as subtractive or destructive disease processes and require a decrease In the exposure technique
an increase in normal tissue density.
These are classified as additive or sclerotic disease processes and require an increase in exposure technique
number of deaths caused by a particular disease per number of people in the population
mortality rate
-incidence of illness in the population sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine (the frequency of disability with a population / number of people in the population
Morbidity Rate
when a disease is highly prevalent to an area, it is an outbreak and rapid spread of a disease in a community, affecting many people at the same time
Epidemic
Congenital and Hereditary
Inflammatory
Degenerative –retrogressive changes in the cell often leads to cell death
Metabolic
Traumatic
Neoplastic
Disease Classifications
-disease present at birth either genetic or environmental, a congenital defect is not necessarily hereditary it can be acquired by infection, radiation, drugs (avoidance)
Congenital
abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes and are derived from ancestors’ ex. Hemophilia Maybe dominant (transmitted by a single gene from either parent)or recessive ( transmitted by both parents to child
Hereditary Diseases
results from the body’s reaction to localized injurious agent. Ex.Pneumonia, allergic reaction can results from microorganism (viruses, bacteria, fungi)An invasion starts with capillary dilatation to allow fluids and leukocytes to infiltrate intothe damage area, cellular necrosis is common to acute inflammation, and the leukocyte serves to remove the dead material by phagocytosis (engulfing of cells or microorganism and ingest it
Inflammatory Disease
disease in which the antibodies form against and injure the patient’s own tissues, (known as autoantibodies) Normally antibodies are formed in response to foreign antigens
Autoimmune Disorder
are caused by a deterioration (break down) of the body(aging) thebody natural reaches a mature level and then starts to fade to the point the body can no longer survive. Heredity, diet and environmental factors are known to effect the rate of aging. Over time the function of the tissues decrease by decrease in cell numbers or function.
Degenerative Disease
- caused by disturbance in the normal physiologic function of the body
Metabolic Disease
sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body by endocrine disorders (diabetes, hyperthyroidism
Metabolism
disturbances of fluid and electrolytes balance, caused by an insufficient intake of water or excessive loss of it can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or use of diuretics. Upset the normal body’s balanc
Dehydration
effects of a wound or injury physical or psychic
Traumatic
is a new abnormal tissue growth
Neoplastic
general term that describes various types of cellular changes that can occur in response to a disease, structural changes maybe biochemical or visib
Lesion
remains localized and usually noninvasiv
Benign Neoplams
increase growth, spreads and invades other tissue
Malignant Neoplasms
spread of malignant cancer cel
Metastasis
spread by the circulatory system/ blood system
Hematogenous
spread by the lymph system
Lymphatic
cancer cells spread to close proximity to are
Invasion
cancer cells spread to a different area, a distant site or organ
Seeding
Hematogenous, lymphatic, invasion and seeding
Metastasis Spread
derived from epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
derived from connective tissue
Sarcoma
From blood cells
Leukemia
Lymphatic cells
Lymphoma
started in the 1950’s as is based on cancers of similar histology or origin with similar patterns of growth
TNM System
Refers to the size of untreated primary cancer or tumor
T
Refers to nodes involvement
N
Refers to metastases
M
Additionally numbers are added to these letters to indicate the extent of malignancy, the progressive increase in size or involvement of the tumor. The higher the number the moreinvolvement has occurred. ex T0 –shows no tumor involvement
Refers to the number of new cases found in a given period of time
Incident rate
