chapter 1 Flashcards
What are periosteal arteries and their function?
Numerous arteries that ramify beneath the periosteum and supply the outer one third of the cortex
They enter the bone through Volkmann’s canal.
What is the role of metaphyseal arteries?
Derived from neighboring arteries, they enter the metaphyses and supply the most vascular zone of the long bone
These arteries are also referred to as epiphyseal arteries.
What is the circulous vasculosis?
An arterial anastomosis around the joint that supplies the epiphyseal arteries
It allows entry into the epiphysis either directly or after piercing the epiphyseal cartilage.
Where do nerve fibers enter the long bone?
From the nutrient foramen, passing through the nutrient canal, Haversian’s canal, and Volkmann’s canal
They supply the bone marrow.
What is the function of sensory nerves in the periosteum?
Detect damage such as tearing or tension and relay pain signals to the brain
This makes bone damage particularly painful.
What are bone markings?
Projections and depressions on bones that serve various functions
Functions include muscle and ligament attachments, passage of blood vessels and nerves, and articulation with other bones.
Define ‘articular surface’.
Parts of the bone that come into contact with other bones to form joints
Examples include the head of the femur and the capitulum of the humerus.
What is a condyle?
A rounded knuckle-like articular area, usually in pairs
Examples are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
What is the structure of long bones?
Hard, dense bones providing strength, structure, and mobility with a shaft and two ends
Some bones in the fingers are classified as long bones due to structure rather than size.
What are non-articular surfaces used for?
Attachment of muscles and ligaments
Examples include processes, trochanters, tuberosities, and epicondyles.
What is ossification?
The process of bone development
It begins by replacing fibrous membranes and cartilage with bone.
What are the two ways bones form in the embryo?
Intramembranous osteogenesis and intracartilaginous (endochondral) osteogenesis
Intramembranous involves direct development from fibrous membrane; intracartilaginous replaces hyaline cartilage.
What is the epiphyseal cartilage?
The cartilaginous plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones
It continues to grow, allowing the bone to increase in length during childhood and early adulthood.
What are the two types of fractures?
Closed fracture and open fracture
Closed fractures do not invade the skin, while open fractures are associated with an external wound.
What is granulation tissue?
New loose connective tissue formed at the fracture site during healing
It is formed by invading blood capillaries and fibroblasts.
What is hyaline cartilage?
The majority of cartilage in the body, covering the ends of long bones as articular cartilage
It contains spherical chondrocytes and collagen fibers.
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
The strongest cartilage, highly resistant to compression and tensile forces
Found in knee joints and intervertebral discs.
What is elastic cartilage?
Cartilage that includes elastin fibers, allowing it to stretch
Found in the external ear and epiglottis.
What are the main arteries supplying long bones?
Nutrient artery, periosteal arteries, epiphyseal arteries, and metaphyseal arteries
Each plays a role in supplying different regions of the bone.
