Chapter 1

Question 1

was a significant exploration of the Yellowstone
region, led by Nathaniel P. Langford and including notable figures like John Muir. This expedition contributed to the early conservation movement by documenting the area’s natural wonders and advocating for the establishment of national parks to protect its unique landscapes

Answer 1

The Washburn Expedition of 1870

Question 2

is a conservation philosophy that values untouched natural landscapes and promotes the protection of wilderness areas free from human influence. This concept emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature, advocating for the preservation of wild spaces for their ecological, aesthetic, and spiritual significance.

Answer 2

The wilderness ideal

Question 3

are areas designated for sustainable use of natural resources, allowing for practices such as selective logging, non-timber forest product harvesting, and subsistence agriculture while maintaining ecological integrity. These reserves aim to balance conservation and the livelihoods of local communities.

Answer 3

Extractive Reserves

Question 4

is an interdisciplinary field that combines ecology, biology, sociology, and policy to understand and address the challenges of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. This field focuses on the development of evidence-based strategies for conservation, integrating scientific research with practical management approaches

Answer 4

Conservation Science:

Question 5

is a philosophical perspective that idealizes rural landscapes and harmonious relationships between humans and nature. It emphasizes the beauty of nature and the importance of preserving traditional agricultural practices, fostering a sense of stewardship and connection to the land.

Answer 5

Arcadian Vision

Question 6

Reaction against industrialization; emphasized emotional and spiritual connections to nature.

Answer 6

Romantic Movement/Transcendentalism

Question 7

Key figures like _______ believed in the transcendental value of nature

Answer 7

Henry David Thoreau

Question 8

Founder of the Sierra Club; advocated for wilderness
preservation based on intrinsic value. His work led to the establishment of National Parks

Answer 8

John Muir (1838-1914)

Question 9

First Chief of the U.S. Forest Service. Advocated
for “wise use” of resources for the greatest good of the greatest number (utilitarian perspective).

Answer 9

Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)

Question 10

Formulated the land ethic, viewing ecosystems as
communities of living organisms that humans are morally obligated to respect and protect. His book A Sand County Almanac is foundational to modern conservation thinking.

Answer 10

Aldo Leopold (1887-1948)

Question 11

Author of Silent Spring (1962), which exposed the
dangers of pesticides like DDT. Her work is credited with catalyzing the modern
environmental movement.

Answer 11

Rachel Carson (1907-1964)

Question 12

Types of Biodiversity

1. Variety of species within an ecosystem or across ecosystems
2. Genetic variation within species, crucial for adaptation and survival in changing environments.
3. Variety of habitats, ecosystems, and ecological processes within the biosphere.

Answer 12

1. Species diversity
2. Genetic diversity
3. Ecosystem diversity

Question 13

Ecosystem Services

Answer 13

○ Provisioning services: Resources like food, water, timber, and fiber.
○ Regulating services: Climate regulation, flood control, disease control.
○ Cultural services: Aesthetic, spiritual, recreational value.
○ Supporting services: Soil formation, nutrient cycling, pollination

Question 14

Challenges to Conservation (5)

Answer 14

1. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
2. Climate Change
3. Invasive Species
4. Overexploitation
5. Pollution

Question 15

Ethical Dimensions of Conservation (3)

1. Conservation for human benefit (e.g., ecosystem services) based on resource management principles
2. ○ All life forms have intrinsic value; humans have a duty to preserve species.
   ○ Ecosystems themselves have value, and humans should protect entire ecosystems, not just individual species.
3. The idea that humans are stewards of the Earth, with a moral obligation to protect natural resources for future generations. Related to the concept of intergenerational justice, where current generations are responsible for the environmental inheritance of future generations.

Answer 15

1. Anthropocentric Ethics
2. Biocentric, Ecocentric
3. Stewardship and Responsibility

Question 16

Conservation Policy and Law:

Answer 16

• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)
• Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Question 17

Establishment of national parks, wildlife refuges, and reserves as a primary strategy for conserving biodiversity

Answer 17

Protected Areas

Question 18

is an interdisciplinary, mission-driven field that focuses on preserving biodiversity and ecosystems amidst a rapidly changing world.
● The discipline is distinct from other environmental sciences because of its crisis-oriented nature and its emphasis on solving practical, urgent problems in biodiversity conservation.

Answer 18

Conservation Biology