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psyc 325 > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

social psych is

A

study of behaviour and mental processes that relate to how we engage w others; way we socialize way we mutually seek validation; e. if emotions are threat dev. which emotion is elicited

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2
Q

what is good and bad

A

based on morals, advantageous; labels maintaining emotions

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3
Q

narcissism

A

overinflated sense of self; people we call narcissistic are just more selfish than others

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4
Q

altruism

A

doesn’t exist; secondary ann anytime we do something for others

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5
Q

personality

A

traits are stable and unique to individuals; therapy works bc it changes how you are

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6
Q

who someone is versus how someone is. what’s the who and how

A

who: identity
how: personality

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7
Q

nature vs nurture

A

its largely nurture (parental social cond); learn attachment, mirrr others

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8
Q

trauma is

A

things that shape psyche; leading us to have memories and suppression and avoid social processing

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9
Q

emotion is __always a disorder

A

react after trauma; diagnoses can be unhelpful, emotion ok

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10
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

wrongly attribute someone else’s actions to personality, and ours to external circumstance; over attribute others actions to their character

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11
Q

behaviour is

A

thoughts actions behaviours

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12
Q

when we say you hurt me emotionally we mean

A

im uncomfortable; this 9is a reaction of discomfort not the same as physical pain

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13
Q

psych is study of

A

individuals thoughts actions behaviours

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14
Q

if we say i should instead of i ought to

A

were less likely to follow through; words chang our psych

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15
Q

sociology is

A

study of groups or society; eg . is treshold for too fat static or fluid pertaining to socioeconomic outcomes

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16
Q

personality psych is

A

study of diff’s in thoughts feelings behaviour of individual

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17
Q

research in social psych involves

A

observation, measure and record behaviour, manipulate and see which cond leqds to behaviour, infer correlation or causation

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18
Q

basic/pure social psych research is

A

knowledge for sake of knowledge;
why do we treat out groups diff; bystander effect; attraction to certain people

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19
Q

applied psych research

A

find solutions to real world problems; encourage people to interact favorably

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20
Q

process of thoughts behaviour sand feelings

A

thoughts-> feelings-> behaviour; all centred around core beliefs; eg. disgust response-> avoidance-> overprotecting emotions

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21
Q

interoceptive meditation

A

decrease his emotional repsonse/pain by focusing and saying aloud

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22
Q

evolutionary psych

A

are there evol reasons for psych mostly made ups

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23
Q

3 diffs ins sociology, social psych, personality psych

A

sociology: look at large groups diffs b/n groups
social psych: looks at how people socialize w others and interact
personality psych: looks at individual

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24
Q

psych stems from what field of study and 4 categories

A

philosophy, study of nature of knowledge
metaphysics
epistemology
ethics
logic

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25
Q

metaphysics is branch of philosophy…

A

understanding ppl, how mind works and behaviour
is fate determined in childhood

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26
Q

epistemology is branch of philosophy…

A

how do we think/learn

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27
Q

norman triplett

A

19th cent; others pescence affects perform.; social facilitation

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28
Q

maximilian nigelmann

A

1880’s; less productive large r a group is; social loafing

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29
Q

floyd allport

A

reported response to stimuli; scientific procedure and methods

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30
Q

kurt lewin

A

group dynamics

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31
Q

francis summer

A

est black psychology

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32
Q

solomon asch

A

conformity; primacy effect; halo effect

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33
Q

gordon all port

A

prejudice; reliability; developed OCEAN

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34
Q

Mamie and kenneth clark

A

rsrch on segregation

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35
Q

Leon festinger

A

cognitive dissonance; comparison theory

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36
Q

Irving janis

A

attitude change; groupthink

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37
Q

stanley schacter

A

2 factor theory of emotion

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38
Q

stanley milgram

A

would someone chock to death another if told to by authority; ? abt nazi germany

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39
Q

social neuroscience

A

neuro behind cogn processing, schemas and interpretations
how brian affects social behaviour
studies influence of neurological, hormonal, cellular influence on social

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40
Q

cross cultural research

A

looks at how cultural content influences social behaviour

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41
Q

new social loafing w internet is

A

cyber loafing

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42
Q

sutin and terricciato 2016; do ocean traits contribute to either a person has low or high BMI

A

personality psych; neuroticism and consienstiousnes most trolly related to BMI; high activity scores=low BMI;

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43
Q

vartanian and trewarth 2016; disgust predicts prejudice and discrimination towards obesity

A

social psych; if emotions threat dev, what emotionn elicited in repsonse to obesity; primary response was disgust, more -iev attitudes

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44
Q

Marlani and Mckee 2017; is threshold for being too fat static or fluid pertaining to diff socioenconc outcomes

A

sociology; assoc b/n mai and social outcome snot constant

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45
Q

scientific method

A

systematic meth for gathering info abt world

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46
Q

6 steps to research

A

1) rsrch q or ID prob to solve, fil gap in knowledge
2) explain phenomena we want to study; why events occur
3) test hypothesis; create design to test using appropriate meth
4) interpret results; examine data for patterns
5) draw conc’s carefully; avoid biases and state findings
6) communicate findings for rev&rep

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47
Q

theory vs hypo

A

theory: systematic explanation
hypothesis: testable prediction

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48
Q

science has 3 cardinal features

A

observation: we see world firsthand
experimentation: to make causal statements, we manipulate 1 variable; primary method
measurement: questionnaires, pattern recognition

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49
Q

we can determine causality with ______ &____ statistics

A

inferential and descriptive

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50
Q

observational rsrch

A

naturalistic: observe in nat enviro; counts,measures and rates behaviour systematically; good bc witness behaviour as it nat occurs but bad bc takes time, researcher could be detected
lab: observing ppl or animal in lab; good bc sophisticated measures&film; bad bc subjects aware of lab so artificially

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51
Q

ex of observational

A

griffiths 1991; adolescent gambling; revealed reg players had confirmed to certain rules

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52
Q

case studies

A

detailed description of one person/small group; good bc rich description; bad bc cant gen to pop

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53
Q

ex of case study

A

breuer and freud 1893 started talk therapy through case study on hysteria in anna o

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54
Q

survey/self report

A

questionnaire assessing psych contstruct ; good bc large aloud of data; bad bc tedious and social desirability could ebissue

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55
Q

correlational research

A

examines relation b/n 2 variable sor gorups; -ve correlation is one goes up the othe down; +ive is both up or both down; you can correlate anything, does not = causation (unless regression)

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56
Q

experiments

A

controlled test of hypo; one V is amipulated to see effect on other V; IV is indeed variable that’s manipulated; DV is dev. variable measured; control group cond that doesn’t get treat.; allows for comparison and cauasality

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57
Q

ex of correlational

A

Roccas, Schawrts and Knafo 2002, realtionship of OCEAN

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58
Q

ex of experiment

A

allison and messick 1990, people could take points from pool of resources to get cash, 3 IVs: pay-off size, pool # and fate control

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59
Q

multi meth

A

no singe meth is perfect; several approaches at varying stages

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60
Q

archival

A

alazy data already collected for another purpose; can sue for longitudinal; ACT scores

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61
Q

meta analysis

A

stat procedure where info from more than 1 study is combined

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62
Q

ex meta analysis

A

sheriff et al 2015 article on religious pricing and pro sociality; Moncreiff et all 2022 on serotonin theory of depression

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63
Q

reliability 3 kinds

A

consistency of a measure; test retest reliability=isnt reliable across time; internal reliability=consitency of people responses; interrater reliability= cocistency of observers and judgements

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64
Q

validity 5 kinds

A

valid if score rep what they meant to measure
face: if it seem to measure construct
content: to what degree mean covers construct
criterion: we expect scores to be related on a multiple constructs
external: do results gen to pop
internal: can we say results due only to manipulation not confounds

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65
Q

research ethin=cs and ex

A

importnat to understand meths and ethical implications; milligram study on obedience to commit violence; stanford zinbardo study on pretend prison inmates

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66
Q

ethical guidelines

A

must get informed consent (signed in writing, get then to exompalin exp to you)
given info abt risks
tell abt confidentiality/anaonymity
ppl can leave at anytime
debrief after study offered assistance and resources, inform of ny deception
rsrch must be approved by ethics board 676

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67
Q

at ages 18-22

A

disruptions in personality dev; moving, losing friends

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68
Q

self concept is relatively stabbed but ___ can bring out diff version of us

A

environments

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69
Q

marks and kundu 1986 study on dual nature of self concept

A

participants asked opinion of 3 posters at a time, on 15/18 trials confess disagree and agreed w eachoither

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70
Q

we don’t want to feel _____, we want to feel lie were in the in-group

A

special or diff; we take out best fitting costumes to fit in a ditch; whoeerv if were made to fit in, we wa t to stand out

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71
Q

schema

A

mental shortcut strong info in mind about objects, places for a later time

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72
Q

self schema

A

cogn generalizations about self from past that guide social exp.s; help shape perception of ambiguity people

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73
Q

schematic vs aschematic

A

schematic: expertise in area, quick to use shortcuts, shame in specific domain
aschematic: unable to recognize ability in given domain and don’t assign importance to i t

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74
Q

dependent schematic vs independent schematic

A

dep: more likely to rate ambiguity as dependent
independent: mor eliely to rate ambiguity as independent

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75
Q

prieto, cole, tageson 1992 kids self schemas

A

kids w -ive self schemas couldn’t remember +ive words,a nd visce versa

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76
Q

cole et al 2014 kids bullying

A

when kids learned of bullying if peers, developed more -ively

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77
Q

partisan schema

A

political knowledge/interest; remember things in way that aligns w what they all believe; schematic sdont care about politics, have no presumptions

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78
Q

consistency bias

A

remember info that aligns w our beliefs

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79
Q

types of ex.s of self-schemas

A

rate-thnicity, nobody weight, gender and sex orient, illness, exercise

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80
Q

introspection

A

trying ton understand elf s by looking intrinsically; surface details eek food preference font add to ID; important parts embedded in attitudes, beliefs etc

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81
Q

self-perception

A

cleaner about self by observing behaviours, insight into secondary aspects of who yo are

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82
Q

possible selves

A

how we imagine self in future, +ive(motivation) versions we aspire to and -ive versions (anxiety/guilt) that we fear

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83
Q

self regulation

A

clear image of who we want be helps us focus on thoughts and actions that help us get to that future

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84
Q

self-reference effect

A

tendency for poplin to process and remember info when related to themselves

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85
Q

depth of processing framework

A

way we remember things dep on how deeply we think about set when we first experience it

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86
Q

semantic encoding

A

process info base don meaning

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87
Q

self-referent encoding

A

thinking abt how info related to oneself; if someone cant do it may have unstable self-concept (major psychotherapy target)

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88
Q

self-discrepancy theory

A

explains diffs b/n various versions of self ; explain -ive emotions when self-concept =ideal self; 2 major cogn dimensions

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89
Q

2 cognitive dimensions of self-discrepancy theory

A

domains of self:
1) actual self: who u think u are rn
2) idealself: who u/other wants u 2 b
3) ought self: who u/other thinks you should be, duties/obligwations
standpoints on self:
own standpoint
other standpoints (fam)

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90
Q

the 2 cognitive dimensions of self discrepancy combined to create 6 types of self-state rep. s

A

actual/own = view of who u r rn
actual/other=how S.O. sees you
ideal/own: who u hope to be
ideal/other=who SO wishes u to be
ought/own=who u wish to be, duties
ought/other=who SO think u shoudlbe based on duties

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91
Q

discrepancies b.n the 6 types of self-state rep. s

A

act/own vs ideal/own:current self doesn’t =wishes
act/own vs ideal/other: current self doesn’t=wishes of SO
act/own vs ought/other: failing to meet expect/s of SO
act/own vs ought/own: fail to meet own sense e of duty

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92
Q

looking glass self

A

how self concept is shaped by social interacts:
- imagining how we appear to others
- how others judge us: imagining what other shrink of us
- forming feelings & reactiond: dev feelings and decide response based on what we think others think

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93
Q

reflected appraisals

A

how we see ourself based on how those important to us perceive us

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94
Q

verkutyon 1988 studie self esteem

A

of ethnic minority sin Netherlands

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95
Q

social comparison theory

A

unsure abt ourself so we look to others for standing;
- self improve and motivation: ranking urself compared to others as motive for imrpove
- enhancing self image; comp to feel better about self

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96
Q

impact of social media on comparisons

A

social media makes us think others are better; -ive self image

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97
Q

upward social comparison

A

comp to someone more skilled or better; could be shameful or motivating

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98
Q

schaters 2 theory of emotion 1964

A

1) physiological arousal: physical reactions in boyd, heart rate
2) cogn appraisal: mental processes if interpreting sitch-> emotions

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99
Q

sense of self is shaped by culture….

A

beliefs, customs, norms dictate acceptable behaviour, if they differ -> guilt, shame; diff ideas of self in diff cultures

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100
Q

idnependent self (individualistic =cult09

A

west cultures’ self= independent
others opinions matter fir self evals nd reflect appraisals

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101
Q

interdependent self (collectivist cult)

A

east cultures self = interred or collective; focus on social roles, duties, relationships

102
Q

maslow’s hierarchy

A

physical-> security-> love and belonging-> self esteem-> self actual

103
Q

self esteem as need; stability over time?

A

how we see ourself; changes in life;
-childhood: SF stability low
- young adult: SF stability increase
- midlife-old age: SF stability decreases
findings true across gender , race, etc

104
Q

self awareness

A

ability to direct vibes attention inward sn reflecting on self; increase aware when we reflect in sitch; in unchecked can be -ive, binge eating, deporess

105
Q

public self consiousmness

A

focusing self as social object, concern w self image

106
Q

private self consciousness

A

internal thoughts, feelings, motives,

107
Q

self enhancement

A

psych process to maintain +ive image

108
Q

mechanisms of self enhance

A

-self advance: augment +ivity in self
-self protect: reduce _ivity in self
-public: engage on good self present
-private: maintaining +ive self views internally
-domain specific: often occurs in personal domains
-candid: seize immediate chance to improve
tactical: delay self enhance for strategic purpose s

109
Q

3 kinds of +ive illusions

A

self aggrandizement; indflating self perception
exaggerated perception of ctrl: think one or more ctrl over events
unrelated optimism: overly opt abt future

110
Q

self handicapping 2 kinds

A

start to protect self esteem by making exciuses for potential failure s
-behaviourla: acquire obstav=cles, drug or alc
claimed: only reports obstacles to success; test anxiety

111
Q

better than avg effect

A

view self as better than avg, lead to over dconfidence and fail

112
Q

bask in reflected glory

A

assocs self w success of othwr s

113
Q

self present

A

efforts to control other sperceptiosn

114
Q

self promotion

A

emphasize own +ive attributes

115
Q

ingratiation

A

flattering others to make them like us

116
Q

false modesty

A

downplay capabilities to seem modest and get praise

117
Q

self verification

A

interpret sitch to conform to beliefs

118
Q

self monitor

A

adjust behaviour ti social acceptability

119
Q

self serving bias

A

make ourself look or feel good

120
Q

false consensus effect

A

how people share our opinions as fact

121
Q

dispositional optimism

A

expect freq +ive outcomes. over -ive ones

122
Q

defensive pessimism

A

setting low expectations and prep for -ive outcomes

123
Q

kinesiology

A

awareness of our bodies

124
Q

5 senses

A

vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell

125
Q

sensation is

A

detection

126
Q

transduction

A

Once receptor cells detect energy, info is converted to electrochem. signals
- Signals then sent to brain via nerves, sensory neurons (neural impulse)
-Brain receives raw data and makes sense by adding meaning (perception)
-After brain gets signal it sends back to body instructing reaction

127
Q

optical illusion’s from

A

misperception

128
Q

nervous system has 2 parts

A

Central NS: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral NS: connects CNS to rest of body

129
Q

peripheral NS has 2 parts

A

Somatic NS:manages voluntary movement
Autonomic NS: manages involuntary functions

130
Q

autonomic NS has 2 parts

A

Sympathetic NS: activates fight or flight response; regulates nervous system
Parasympathetic NS: calm body after emergency; regulates internal organs

131
Q

NS responsible for

A

perception and cognition, collection of social info, types of info we collect

132
Q

Social psych abt how we collect and assess info about people

A

Collecting info: using senses to gather data abt people like how they look/speak.act
Assess info: after collection, brain processes it; add meaning to raw data you gathered

133
Q

social cogn is

A

applying concepts of sensation and perception ro better understand people

134
Q

what kinds of info do we notice about others

A

physical cues; salience(stand out); facial expressions; personality traits/behaviour; eye contact; morals; nonverbal communication; microexpressions;

135
Q

eye contact study kellerman, lewis and laird 1989

A

How eye contact could affect emotional connection and attraction
People were paired up
Told to make eye contact for 2 mins or do other things
Eye contact cond reported closer feelings and emotional connection

136
Q

3 C’s of nonverbal communication/ body language

A

context : enviro amd history of the people, and role of each person
Clusters: no single gesture def state of mind or emotion
Congruence: when words match our body language is key; when we lie, some forget facial expressions ie emotion and affect don’t align

137
Q

Negativity effect vs positivity bias

A

-ive traits stand out more than +ive ones; stand sout and forms impressions
+itivity bias: assume good qualities in others like kind or smart, based on limited +ive info

138
Q

halo effect

A

we assume someone has other +ive qualities based on one +ive trait
If we think someones nice we may think they’re kind or attractive

139
Q

emotional states’ impact

A

Our mood can affect how we see others; paranoia out of anger or anxiety

140
Q

Deception and microexpressions

A

Sometimes use deception in interactions to hide feelings or intentions to avoid hurting someone; fake smile (non-duchenne smile)

141
Q

nonverbal leakage

A

unknowingly revealing what were trying to hide
When we interact we focus more on what we say not what our body or face might show

142
Q

categories and schemas

A

when we meet someone, we put them in category to help us make sense of who they are
each category has schema; set of beliefs or expectations about a group

143
Q

types of schemas

A

role, person, event, stereotypes, prototypes

144
Q

role schema

A

expectations of how people in certain roles should act; ie professor, HR employee

145
Q

person schema

A

beliefs abt specific types of people; ie. firefighters are brave, geeks are tech savvy

146
Q

event schema

A

expectations of what should happen in certain situations; ie. party=food and music

147
Q

steroty[pe chema

A

beliefs of typical traits of a group or category; ie artist is creative

148
Q

prototype schema

A

predictions of specific scenarios and people; eg your idea of a typical boss

149
Q

belief perseverance

A

hold onto beliefs formed from initial perceptions even when faced with contradictory impressions

150
Q

primacy effect

A

1st impression sticks despite learning contradictory info

151
Q

confirmation hypo

A

focus only on info that supports existing beliefs
Schemas help us process info fast but may be incorrect or lead to oversimplifying situations

152
Q

misinformation effect

A

misleading info about a recently witnessed event incorporated into memory of event

153
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

Schemas can shape behaviour in a way that makes them come true

154
Q

schemas vs heuristics

A

Schema: mental folders to quickly sort and understand large amounts of info
Heuristic: mental shortcuts for prob solving or understanding unclear info

155
Q

Representative heuristic:

A

we judge the likeliness of something based on how well it fits a prototype

156
Q

coinjunction error

A

assume combos are more likely than individ elements; Happens when we think 2 things are happening together is more likely than just one of them happening alone; often wrong bc combining them makes them less likely

157
Q

Anchoring and adjustment. Heuristic and its issue

A

start with reference point and ten adjust to form a judgement; eg. runner is faster than you so they’re very fast
Problem: we stop adjusting once the result feels good enough even if inaccurate v

158
Q

Base-rate fallacy:

A

focus on unusual features of person or sitch then ignore the bigger more common patterns eg one sport fan is rowdy so all are

159
Q

biased info

A

judgements formed about someone is influenced by what other stell us; eg. friend says worker unfriendly so we assume same
Makes it difficult for you to form indep opinion bc judgment informed by biased pov

160
Q

limited info

A

make judgements based on little info; small amount of info you have may not be enough

161
Q

faulty expectations

A

we let past experiences shape how we see new situations even when irrelevant; ie past employee was incompetent
could make u ignore signs that new person is actually good

162
Q

priming

A

happens when youtube been exposed to smt recently that impacts how we process new info; eg list personality traits

163
Q

framing

A

refers to the way info is displayed affecting decisions
Uqam Is bad school= you may think -ively of it

164
Q

Tversky and kahneman 1981: sure gain or risk/gamble framing study

A

Would you buy a ticket if you lost the 10%v boll you were gonna use

164
Q

Effective forecasting:

A

how well feel abt future events, good or bad; emotions strongly influence decisions and we imagine how we will react

165
Q

overestimating emotional reaction

A

people try to predict how they’ll feel about future events, often expect emotions to be stronger than they are

166
Q

emotional intelligence score

A

emotional intelligence is ability to understand and manage emotions both our own and others
Being aware of emotions, controlling responses,m handling situations well
Higher level is better at effective forecasting

167
Q

attribution theory

A

Understanding why people behave the way they do

168
Q

2 obs in attributen rheory

A

Dispositional attribution : we believe behaviour is caused by something inside person
Situational attribution: behaviour is caused by something external like the situation or enviro

169
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

Help figure out if some actions reflect their personality (dispositional) ir is influenced by situation (situational)

170
Q

what factors do we look at in correspondent inference theory

A

Free choice
Number of outcomes: if you see boss isn’t friendly, looking at all causes/outcomes
Social desirability; maybe actions for social validation
Social roles: roles can be def by behavior

171
Q

covariation theory and 3 kinds of info analysis

A

helps figure out cause of someone’s behaviour by looking at 3 types of info
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency

172
Q

discounting principle

A

if there’s multiple reasons for behaviour, were less likely to assign to one cause; ie if employee nice ot boss+ disposition; is employees nice to boss for promotion=situation

173
Q

belief in just world

A

good things happen to good people, karma; victim blame

173
Q

self serving bias

A

we take credit for our success but blame failures elsewhere

174
Q

actor observer bias

A

eople explain their own behaviour by blaming external factors but explain others behaviours by blaming their traits

175
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

we imagine what might have been in certain situations
Can be +ive or -ive dep on whether we compare current life to better one or to worse one
Uses upwards or downward comparisons

175
Q

wishful seeing

A

how ppl tend to see things based on the way they want to, based on desires and motivations

176
Q

attitude

A

e
Attitude: assessment of ourselves, others, ideas and objects in world
Many diff attitudes for diff things; types of attitudes influenced by own self-concept and perception of others

176
Q

availability heuristic

A

we estimate how likely something is based on how quickly we can think of examples

176
Q

Balcetis and Dunning 2010
wishful seeing study

A

One group made thirsty by giving salty pretzels
Oen group given as much water from 4 8oz glasses of water water
Thirsty rated water more appealing, but also said it was closer to them as compared to quenched cond

176
Q

Tripartite model ABC’s

A

Affect
behaviour
Cognition

177
Q

Where do these attitudes come from (affect and behaviour)

A

Affectively based attitude is based on primarily on people’s emotions and feelings about the attitude object
Behaviourally based attitude is based [rimrily on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object

177
Q

Attitudes ____ need to contain three components ; generally they contain at least ___

A

don’t; 2

178
Q

Negative attitudes towards particular groupsb is likely to have a____ basis

A

cognitive

179
Q

Issues that are tied to our symbolic beliefs (value system) will give rise to_____ based attitudes

A

affectively

180
Q

Kaddock, Zanna, and Esses 1993; attitudes towards homosexuality

A

k, Zanna, and Esses 1993; attitudes towards homosexuality
Affective: feelings exp when thinking about homosexuality
Cognitive: values promotes/hindered by homo
Cognitive: characteristics homosexuals posess
behavioural : frequency/nature of contact w homo

181
Q

attitiudes serve 4 functions

A

knowledge, ego-defensive, utilitarian, value-expressive

182
Q

attitude purposes: knowledge

A

Attitudes help make sense of world w/out needing to eval everything all the time
Makes life more efficient but can lead to probs like generalizing or making assumptions/stereotypes

183
Q

attitude purposes: utilitarian

A

Attitudes help us avoid punishment or gain rewards
Might think having many sex partners is wroing, but this belief helps avoid societal punish oif being labeled negatively
Can lead to masking/avoidance behaviours

183
Q

attitude purposes: ego defensive

A

Attitudes protect self esteem or help us feel better abt ourselves
Eg. Might think cheerleaders are superficial bc u wanna be one

184
Q

attitude purposes: value-expressive

A

Some attitude allow us to express who we are and what we care about
Someone who share s a lot of poli content on social media might be expressing ID as poli engaged person

185
Q

how do attitudes form

A

People form them on own unique exp; why attitudes can be so fiff b/n in divides
Each person has diff life experiences that shape their attitudes, opinion and ideas abt the world

185
Q

attitudes ____ be changed , influences modified, predict behaviour

A

can

186
Q

Attitude strength; 4 major determinants

A

Ambivalence
Accessibility
Subjective exp
Autobiographical recall

187
Q

explicit vs implicit attitudes

A

Explicit: can consciously endorse and easily report
Implicit: involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious

188
Q

Direct vs indirect experience

A

Attitudes from direct exp more powerful inpredicting behaviour
Direct esp create stronger attitudes bc theyre more closely ties to us perosnlly
bc of self reference effect

189
Q

attitudes affect social thought bc

A

play big role in shaping how we act and think social; we like predictable things; we want to believe that if we know someone attitudes it’ll help us understand them
Attitudes like filters that colour how we see and process info (schemas and heuristics)

190
Q

attitude strength: importance

A

att becomes stronger when its important to us, the more personally significant/powerful it becomes; importance make sit weaker or stronger

190
Q

sitch constraints

A

some=times situation makes it so hard to act according to your true attitude

191
Q

self fulfillingprophecy

A

when you make a judgment about someone, and that judgment changes how you behave towards them
Your behaviour then influences the other person to act in a way that confirms the PG judgment
Belief shapes behaviour, making prophecy come true

192
Q

time pressure on behaviour and attitude

A

when in a hurry attitude is more likely to predict behaviour; bc under time pressure, we don’t have time to think hings through, so we rely on our attiutiudes to help make quick decisions; bc dont have tim to process every detail, more likely to behave in line w your attitude when you’re rushed; att strength can be better behavioural predictor

192
Q

social norms

A

unwritten rules about how you’re supposed to act in certain situations
Many situations like work, where you can’t dress how you normally want bc sitch req formality; behavior does not reflect true attitude

193
Q

attitude strength: knowledge

A

more you know about an issue, stronger att becomes; knowledge adds depth to your understanding of the att object

193
Q

attitude strength: intensity

A

strong att tends to provoke strong emotional response; strong att aren’t only better at predict behaviour, but also less likely to change over time

193
Q

attitude strength: accessibility

A

strong att are also easier to recall; if an issue wa important it comes to mind quick and easy; can measure this by seeing how fast someone can think about att when asked; quick and detailed answers show strength of att

194
Q

attitude specificity

A

if we want to predict someone’s behavior, it’s better to ask about specific attitude rather than general one
Ask about specific attitudes (ie feelings about church on sundays, not about religion in gen)

195
Q

theory of reasoned action

A

behavioural prediction model by Fishbein and ajzen 1975; predict behaviour based on
1) Their att about the behaviour
2) Subjective norms; whether important ppl in their life would do or approve of behaviour

196
Q

theory of planned behaviour fishbein and ajzen

A

1) Their att about the behaviour
2) Subjective norms; whether important ppl in their life would do or approve of behaviour
3) perceived behavioural control (how much ctrl someone fells over sitch)
3 factors create behavioural intention-> behaviour

197
Q

attitudes important for 2 kinds of behaviours

A

spontaneous: Automatic processing; attitude=highly accessible
deliberate: Controlled processing; attitude=not highly accessible; based on behavioural intentions

198
Q

Yale attitude change approach; effective comm. dep on…

A

study of conditions under which most people are most likely to change att in response to persuasive messages; Source of communication
Nature of communication
Nature of the audience

199
Q

persuasive communication

A

communication advocating particular side of an issue; eg. speech or TV ad

200
Q

heuristic-systematic persuasion model: 2 methods

A

Suggests there’s 2 ways that persuasive comms can cause attitude change
Systematic processing: people process merits of arguments
Heuristic processing: people use mental shortcuts (heuristics)

201
Q

Elaboration likelihood model: 2 routes

A

2 ways that persuasive comms can cause attitude change
Central route: occurs when ppl are motivated and have ability to pay attention to arguments in the communication
Peripheral route: occurs when people don’t pay attention to arguments but are swayed by surface characteristics

201
Q

ad effectiveness dep on basis o fan attitudes

A

For cognitively based-att’s using rational argos and personal relevance is best
For affectively based-att’s using emotion is best

202
Q

factors affectingselectioon or central vs peripheral route

A

-Motivation: personal relevance of topic; need for cognition; increased focus on facts, decreased focus on speaker
-Ability: complexity of the argument; easy=central; difficult-=peripheral
-Mood and route selection:
Good mood=peripheral route, maintains mood
Bad mood=central route, analyze arg
-permanency of change
Central route=more permanent/resistant
Peripheral route=more easily swayed

203
Q

attitude inoculation

A

process of making ppl immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of arguments against theory position (mcguire 1964)

204
Q

reactance theory

A

Approach can be too strong or it’ll boomerang; prohibited activity will become attractive

205
Q

self-perception theory

A

if uncertain about how we feel towards smt or someone, own behaviour can help us figure out what our att really is’ happens automatically and unconsciously

206
Q

Strack et al 1988 forced smile

A

participants divided into 2 groups; one w pen in teeth making them smile, and oen w pen in lips which made it hard to smile
Those w pencil in teeth c=found cartoon funnier than those with pen in lips(inhibited smile)

207
Q

cogn dissonance

A

discomfort caused by when one’s behaviour is inconsistent with one’s att’s or one that holds 2 conflicting attitudes; often when we do smt that makes us feel stupid or immoral

208
Q

try too get rid od cogn dissonance in 3 ways

A

choose easiest;
-Change our behaviour or att
- change cognition; Seek supporting info instead of changing your behaviour, add new cognitions
Trivialization: downplaying importance of att

209
Q

post-decision dissonance

A

inevitably aroused after a perosn makes a decision
Reduced by enhancing the attrcativeness of the chosen alt and devaluating the rejected alternatives

210
Q

when we exp. dissonance, we look to internal and external justification

A

External just: person resson/esxplanation for dissanat behaviour that resides outside individual (eg. i did it for a big reward)
If sufficient, dissonance will be low so no change req
Internal just: reduction of dissonance by changing smt about oneself
Dissonance will be high; look inward t justify behaviour; change in att or behaviour

211
Q

power of mild punishment

A

insufficient punish=dissonance aroused when individual lacks sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired thing; usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden thing

212
Q

counter attitudinal advocacy

A

process occurs when person states an opinion or att that runs counter to ones private belief/att
When you can’t find ext justification, you’ll attempt to find or create internal justification

213
Q

harsh punishment

A

sufficient act justification; low dissonance; req constant vigilance

214
Q

According to dissonance theory when we hurt someone, we come to ____ that person as a way to justify our cruelty

A

hate

215
Q

persuasion schema

A

Constantly persuading each other
Persuasion Plays big role in society
Persuade others (work, relationships, etc)
Others persuade us

216
Q

Rule et. al (1985); 1st study on persuasion schema

A

listed 12 reasons they were persuaded
Obtain info
Obtain object
Obtain permission
Getting someone to do favour
Changing another’s opinion
Getting someone to do a behaviour
Buying or selling
Changing an existing relationship
Changing someone’s personal habit
Helping persuader
Helping 3rd party
Act against self interest

217
Q

Rule et. al (1985); 2nd study on persuasion schema

A

15 approaches to reach persuasion goals
Ask (without reason)
Personal expertise (follow expert)
Personal benefit (persuaders need)
Butter up (make other person feel good)
Invoke role relationship (not a true friend)
Bargain favour
norm (everyones doing it)
Moral principle (its right thing to do)
Altruism (it’s not for me)
Bargain object (bribe)
Emotional appeal (induce guilt)
Personal criticism (you’re just lazy)
Deceive (lie; justify actions)
Threaten
Physical force

218
Q

Rule et. al (1985); 3rd study on persuasion schema

A

std order we try to persuade people in
Ask
Personal expertise
Personal benefit
Butter op
Role
Bargain favour
Norm
Morals
Altruism
Bargain abject
Emotional appeal
Personal criticism
Deceive
Threaten
Force

219
Q

Understating persuasion requires understanding___

A

info processing

220
Q

Chaiken et al (1989) suggests we use 2 diff strategies to manage all persuasive info

A

if important, we devote all our mental resources to process the info and for everything else we rely on mental heuristics

221
Q

what is beautiful is good heuristic

A

e. if we see someone so attractive, we assume they are also smart or kind
Leads us to make poor decisions (ie. stalin, ted bundy,)

222
Q

Petty and cacioppo (1986) and chaiken (1989) came up with dual processing model

A

Central route (systematic processing): deep, thoughtful path where we carefully think through message; used whentopic is personal relevant
Peripheral route (heuristic processing): more automatic, surface-level oath where we rely on mental shortcuts to make quick choice; when we don’t have time to think deeply about everything we come across

223
Q

when to persuade using peripheral or central route

A

central: for long term impact, repaint on motivation
peripheral: we want audience to make a quick decision; uses sitch cues

224
Q

Comunicatory persuasiveness dep on 2 factors :

A

Communicator credibility: how believable we think the person is
Communicator attractiveness: includes both phys appear and likability
What is beautiful is good heuristic
People assoc beaty w talent kindness, honesty and intelligence

225
Q

communicator credibility based on

A

Perceived expertise: someone we perceive to be knowledgeable on topic and has ability to share accurate info
If we don’t care or dont have time , expertise is peripheral cue
Perceived trustworthiness: when we think person has nothing to gain for persuasion, that they are sincere; trust means more likely to believe personal; if untrustworthy, we analyze message more

226
Q

solid argument vs emotional appeal

A

argument; will convince cognitively; emotional will appeal to an affectively based attitude

227
Q

2 most common emotional appeals

A

1)Good feelings: more likely to follow peripheral route ;We make audience feel good, assoc +ive feelings w message presented
2) ppeal to fear: critical, likely to follow central route
Fear can be powerful to persuade people, but has to be used carefully
If fear too intense or if people enjoy behaviour they’re warned about, then fear won’t work; MUST BE PAIRED W SOLUTIONs, humour

228
Q

Foot in the door persuasion

A

make small request, and once they agree make larger request
Goal is to get person to agree to larger request by starting small; communicatory takes advantage of need to be consistent with ouyt actions

229
Q

lowballing

A

communicator offers attractive deal, after person agrees they come with reasons why it’s a good idea; then original deal is removed but you stick to commitment

230
Q

Freedman and fraser (1966): lowballing study

A

people agreed to sign driver safety petition
And then 76% agreed to billboard in yard 2 weeks later

231
Q

door in the face persuasion

A

making large request thats likely to be refused, then follow with smaller, more reasonable request
Smaller request is what they want person to actually agree to

232
Q

reciprocity persiuasion

A

when someone does smt for us we feel need to return favour
Communicator seems like they’re compromising s you compromise too

233
Q

perceptual contrast persuasion

A

way out perceptions are influenced by order of presentation of things

234
Q

one sided vs 2 sided appeals

A

One side appeal: best used when audience agrees w position
Risks: if processing centrally they might be critical and seek opp; if finding courage, might undermine your position
2 sided appeals:best used when audience disagrees or has mixed feelings
By acknowledging opp, you present arg after to address counter args first

235
Q

seekers cult, 1950s, less than 30 people; studied by festinger

A

-relied on social proof, a heuristic that suggests that if others are doing something it must be correct
-when world didn’t end, members silent and upset then when they heard their faith had saved world, members strengthened support; following failure, cult became more open

236
Q

jonestown; indiana pastor

A

-Used lowballing and foot in the door; small requests (YARD WORK) then bigger (moving countries)
-Emotional appeals: targeted vulnerable people who lacked support/belonging
-attractiveness.credibility ; presented as credible leader of a utopia; strong political messages

psyc 325 (3 decks)

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