Chapter 1

Question 1

Applied

Answer 1

The interest of society in the problem being studied

Question 2

Behavioral

Answer 2

The pragmatic nature of the study; emphasis is on what the person can do rather than what she or he can say.

Question 3

Analytic

Answer 3

A believable demonstration that events controlled by the researcher account for the presence or absence of the behavior in question

Question 4

Replication

Answer 4

A process required not only to meet the analytic goal, but also to generalize results and demonstrate the robustness of any behavior change procedures

Question 5

Subjects/Participants

Answer 5

Subjects is the term used for the individuals who are changing their behaviors in a single subject study. Participants is a term more recently used. These terms are used interchangeably in this text

Question 6

Independent Variable

Answer 6

The intervention(s) or treatment(s) used to encourage (or maintain) change in behavior; the independent and dependent variables should share a functional relationship.

Question 7

Dependent Variable

Answer 7

The target behavior that is measured to determine the effects of the independent variable; changes in the target behavior should be dependent on changes in the independent variable (a functional relationship

Question 8

Extraneous Variable (or Cofounding Variables)

Answer 8

Almost any element in the study that confuses or obscures the functional relationship.

Question 9

Baseline Phase

Answer 9

Generally, the first phase in a study, during which initial performance on the target behavior is measured before implementation of the intervention (independent variable)

Question 10

1.

Intervention Phase

Answer 10

A phase when the intervention has been introduced and data are collected to determine effects on the target behavior (dependent variable)

Question 11

Follow-up Phase

Answer 11

Typically, a final phase of a study when the researcher continues to measure performance on the target behavior, although the independent variable may have been withdrawn following successful intervention

Question 12

Notations

Answer 12

The system of letters used to identify the type of design used; A refers to a baseline phase; B and all subsequent letters to intervention phases. Each letter (e.g., B, C) refers to a different intervention; combinations (e.g., BC) refer to package, or combinations of, interventions; numbers may be attached (e.g., A1, B1) to denote a first baseline phase or a first intervention phase when there are subsequent baseline or intervention phases (e.g., A2, B2

Question 13

x-y, or line, graph

Answer 13

The typical line graph used to depict the quantitative data collected in single subject research; data are plotted at the appropriate intersects along the x- and y-axes.

Question 14

y-axis (dependent variable on x-y graph)

Answer 14

The target behavior performance is plotted along the y-axis; the y-axis must be calibrated (with tick marks used to denote units of measurement) so that changes in the dependent variable are appropriately depicted

Question 15

x-axis

Answer 15

The x-axis is used to depict observations across time (using tick marks to denote which observation is being plotted along the y-axis). Independent variable and phase change lines—Implementation of and changes in the independent variable are depicted through lines drawn parallel to the y-axis; broken vertical lines indicate a change in the independent variable but not a complete phase change (e.g., from a fixed to a variable ratio reinforcement schedule)

Question 16

Data Path

Answer 16

Each data point that is plotted on the graph is connected by a line; the data path line is not typically drawn across phase change lines; breaks in the data path indicate an interruption in the observation or measurement of the dependent variable; multiple data paths are sometimes required (e.g., for alternating treatments designs).

Question 17

Legend

Answer 17

A guide to the x-y graph that allows the researcher to abbreviate on the graph and clarify (e.g., FR-5 on the graph could be further explained as a fixed ratio-5 response schedule of reinforcement in the legend).