CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
Biological differences between males and females.
Sex
What are the two categories of biological differences?
- Primary sex characteristics (genital differences)
- Secondary sex characteristics (hormonal differences)
includes internal and external genitals.
Primary sex characteristics
Genital differences:
MEN =
WOMEN =
MEN = penis and testes
WOMEN = clitoris and ovaries
- Includes non-genital differences
Secondary sex characteristics
Hormonal differences:
MEN =
WOMEN =
MEN = testosterone
WOMEN = estrogen
T or F
Men are usually taller and physically stronger than women, have more facial hair and they more often tend to go bald.
T
- study of the structures of the human body, such as the features of how the organs, tissues and body systems are constructed.
ANATOMY
- study of the coordinated functions of the organs, tissues and systems in the body.
PHYSIOLOGY
Allow women to become pregnant and bear children. While the reproductive organs in the female anatomy perform their own specific functions, they also work together as a highly complex, interrelated system
Female reproductive organ
“reproduction in humans”
GAMETE PRODUCTION
In human meiosis, diploid cells with the usual 46 chromosomes divide into four haploid daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.
Each of these daughter cells is called a gamete.
MEIOSIS
What type of cell is responsible in meiosis? how many pair of chromosomes?
Diploid cells, 23 pair of chromosomes (46 all)
Each of these daughter cells is called
Gamete
In Females this meiotic process is called? and the daughter cells are called?
OOGENESIS, OVA
Males begin ______ at puberty and continue throughout life
spermatogenesis
T or F
Healthy young adult males produce hundreds of millions of sperm each day. This number begins to decline by their mid-20s.
T
(Male or Female) begin to produce gametes before they even are born.
Females
By the _____ month in womb, female fetuses have begun oogenesis, but the process pauses after a phase called ______ suspending the ova in the primary oocyte stage until puberty. 99.9 % of a female’s ova remain in the primary oocyte stage until they are eventually absorbed by the body.
fifth, prophase I
T or F
Millions are absorbed by the time a fetus is born, and by puberty, only 400,000 remain. For every ovulation, about 2,000 more ova are absorbed.
T
“four stages of the human sexual response cycle”. It occurs during partnered sex with people of any gender, as well as other sexual stimulation activities
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
What are the 4 stages of sexual intercourse?
- Excitement
- Plateau stage
- Orgasm
- Resolution
It is the beginning of arousal, in which blood flow increases and causes engorgement in the genitals and nipples, accompanied by an increase in heart rate, breathing rate, muscle tone and blood pressure
The first stage is EXCITEMENT
which is brief, and which involves an increase in arousal.
Second stage is PLATEAU STAGE
which involves waves of muscle spasms and pleasure that last several seconds. During this phase, the uterus has several contractions, and the penis has contractions at its base, causing semen, the fluid containing sperm, to ejaculate into the vagina.
The third phase is ORGASM
during which the body relaxes to its original state.
The last stage is RESOLUTION
In this process of reproduction, when semen is discharged in the vagina during sexual intercourse, the sperms begin moving up the vagina and uterus, finally reaching the FALLOPIAN TUBES. But only one sperm enters the ovum.
FERTILIZATION
T or F
Most of the sperms die while climbing up the Fallopian tubes.
T
A sperm can remain alive in the Fallopian tube for about 12 hours. In this span of time, if it meets the ovum, it is likely to enter the ovum. This is called?
fertilization
In this process or reproduction, the ZYGOTE moves down the Fallopian tube and continuously undergoes cell division. Thus, it forms a hollow ball of cells, called EMBRYO.The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus, which is thick and has muscles, glands and a large number of capillaries
Implantation
What moves down the Fallopian tube and continuously undergoes cell division. Thus, it forms a hollow ball of cells, called?
ZYGOTE, EMBRYO
It is when embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus, which is thick and has muscles, glands and a large number of capillaries
Implantation
This process of reproduction is the developing embryo at first derives nourishment directly from the mother’s blood flowing in the vessels limiting the uterine wall.
PREGNANCY
In about ______ WEEKS, its starts absorbing food and oxygen through an organ called ______ = a disc like organ in the lining of the uterine wall
THREE, PLACENTA
➢It has numerous______ which are in direct contact with the mother’s blood flowing in the uterine wall. These ______ provide a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo and for wastes produced by the embryo to be passed into the mother’s blood.
VILLI
The embryo is connected to the placenta by a tube called the
UMBILICAL CORD
The total period of embryonic development, from the time of fertilization of birth.
GESTATION PERIOD
What is the total gestation period for an embryo to develop?
It is around 280 days, or 9 months, in humans.
The wall of the uterus develops a thick layer of muscles during pregnancy. At the TIME OF BIRTH,the uterine muscles contract rhythmically and powerfully, causing labor pains to the mother. Finally, the baby is expelled by the contraction of the uterine muscles.
Birth “parturition”
when a couple has fertility problems or a single prospective parent or a same-sex couple choose a sperm donor.
Also, while male and female are simple terms for the biological processes of reproduction in humans, this language excludes the sexuality of transgender and intersex people.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
WHO defines ______ as a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity (physical or mental weakness)
SEXUAL HEALTH
T or F
Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.
T
Common sexual health concern:
- are among the most common sexual health concerns for the vast majority of the world’s population. However, most individuals aren’t entirely sure what the difference is between it.
Sexually transmitted infections (sti) and sexually transmitted diseases (std)
Sexual health concerns
are generally NOT CURABLE
are OFTEN CURABLE
sexually transmitted diseases (std)
Sexually transmitted infections (sti)
Example of sti/std
chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, HPV, syphilis.
Common sexual health concern:
Painful sex, vaginal dryness, inability to have an orgasm, and other physical issues can lower the desire to have sex.
Physical Ailments
Common sexual health concern:
It is a very common virus. There are about 100 types of it that affect different parts of the body. About 30 types of this can affect the genitals — including the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum— as well as the rectum and anus. Of those, about 14 types are considered"high risk," for leading to cervical cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
is a series of practices performed to preserve health. According to the World Organization (WHO) this refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.
HYGIENE
refers to maintaining the body’s cleanliness
PERSONAL HYGIENE
T or F
According to WHO reports, out of global burden of ill health, reproductive and sexual ill-health accounts for 20% for women and 14% for men.
T
The program of ______ was initiated in 1951 to achieve total reproductive health.
Family Planning
Early child bearing can have health risk for women and their infants. A girl before 18 years of age is not matured with respect to her reproductive system to bear a child. At least two years’ gap is necessary before going for the second issue.
Maternal Health
The WHO estimates that each year B358000 Women die due complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of these deaths occur in poorest countries of the world. Most of these deaths can be avoided with improving women’s access to quality care from skilled medical professionals before,during and after pregnancy and child birth.
Proper Medical Care
Audio-visual and print media, government and non government agencies are creating awareness among people about reproductive health.Parents, close relatives, friends and teachers also have a major role in giving this information.
Awareness
This should be introduced and encouraged in schools to provide right information about myths and misconceptions about sex related issues.
Sex education
Family planning counselling, pre-natal care, safe delivery, post-natal care,appropriate treatment of infertility,prevention of abortion, treatment of sexually transmitted diseases,responsible parenthood, services against HIV/ AIDS, breast cancer should be made available.
Access to reproductive and sexual healthy
Fertile couples and people of active sex life should know about available these devices
Birth control devices
These are social evils which can be controlled by proper law and order as well as public awareness. This will build up a reproductively healthy society.
Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crimes
It is a method of sex determination of fetus. Chromosomal study of amniotic fluid cells can determine the sex of the fetus and also to identify any abnormality in number of chromosomes to detect any serious incurable congenital defect so that the fetus may be aborted. But, this technique is being used to kill normal female fetus. It is legally banned to avoid female feticide
Misuse of amniocentesis
