Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the study of food and how the body makes use of it. It is the science that interprets the nutrients and other substances in food in relation to growth reproduction maintenance health and disease of an organism. It deals not only with the quantity and quality of food consumed but also with the processes of ingestion absorption assimilation biosynthesis catabolism breakdown and excretion.
What is the function of the stomach in digestion?
The stomach is a saclike organ that holds mixes and grinds food while mixing it with powerful acids and enzymes secreted in the stomach to break food into a liquid or paste consistency to pass on to the small intestine.
What are the parts of the small intestine?
The small intestine is made up of the duodenum jejunum and ileum. The duodenum continues the process of breaking down food.
What are Diet therapies?
Diet therapies are specially designed and prescribed for medical and/or general nutritional reasons. They promote a balanced selection of foods vital for good health.
What is Individualized diet therapy?
Individualized diet therapy can provide the patient important insight into food-related illnesses and education regarding how various nutrients (protein carbohydrate fat alcohol) affect illnesses diseases or obesity. It can be tailored to meet the treatment needs of patients on diagnosis of specific illnesses help reduce complications and/or side effects and can improve general well-being.
What are Nutrients?
Nutrients are chemical substances found in food components that are indispensable to the body’s functioning. They provide energy serve as building material help maintain or repair body parts and support growth.
What is Food in a medical context?
Food is any substance that the body can take and assimilate that will enable it to stay alive and grow; socially it is a more limited number of substances defined as acceptable by each culture.
What is Digestion?
Digestion is defined as the process of breaking down food and substances like carbohydrates proteins fats and vitamins that aid the body in its different functions.
What constitutes the digestive system?
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract or digestive tract) the liver pancreas and gallbladder.
How are Nutrients classified?
Nutrients are classified according to the following: 1) Function (bodybuilding nutrients vs. energy furnishing nutrients) 2) Chemical properties (organic or inorganic) 3) Essentiality (essential vs. nonessential nutrients) 4) Concentration (high nutrient density vs. low nutrient density).
What are Macronutrients?
Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy and are required in large amounts to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of daily life.
What are the three broad classes of macronutrients classified by Atwater’s Physiological Factors?
The three broad classes of macronutrients are carbohydrates (4 kcal/g) fats (9 kcal/g) and proteins (4 kcal/g).
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are organic compounds known as saccharides starches and sugars.
What is the function of pectins?
Pectins are nondigestible colloidal polysaccharides that have a gel quality. They are used to treat diarrhea as they absorb toxins and bacteria in the intestine and also bind cholesterol reducing the amount the blood can absorb.
What is fructose?
Fructose also known as levulose is the sweetest of simple sugars. It is found in milk sugar and is converted into glucose in the body.
What is galactose?
Galactose is a sugar that is not found in foods by itself; it is derived from the breakdown of milk sugar.
What are disaccharides?
Disaccharides are double sugars made up of two monosaccharides that must be changed to simple sugars by hydrolysis before they can be absorbed.
What is the composition of sucrose?
Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose and is commonly known as ordinary table sugar.
What are fats?
Fats are organic compounds composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Triglycerides or fats and oils are fatty acid esters of glycerol.
What are the health concerns related to carbohydrates?
Health concerns include insulin release by pancreas glucagon release after meals and epinephrine’s role in blood glucose regulation. High glycemic index foods raise blood glucose rapidly while low glycemic index foods do not.
What is the Glycemic Index (GI)?
The Glycemic Index (GI) provides an estimate of how foods affect serum blood glucose levels.
What are compound lipids?
Compound lipids are various combinations of fats with other components including phospholipids glycolipids and lipoproteins.
What are the functions of phospholipids?
Phospholipids are important for forming cell membranes and play a role in the blood clotting process.
What are glycolipids?
Glycolipids are compounds of fatty acids combined with carbohydrates and nitrogenous bases playing a vital role in cell membrane stability and cellular recognition.
What are lipoproteins?
Lipoproteins are lipids combined with proteins formed primarily in the liver and found in cell and organelle membranes containing cholesterol and fatty acids.
What are omega polyunsaturated fats known for?
Omega polyunsaturated fats lower blood cholesterol and prevent heart disease.
How often should fish be eaten to help lower blood cholesterol and risk of heart attack and stroke?
Fish should be eaten once a week.
Does fat instigate cancer development?
No
What are lipoproteins?
Lipoproteins are lipids combined with proteins formed primarily in the liver and found in cell and organelle membranes containing cholesterol and fatty acids.
Example sentence: Lipoproteins play a vital role in cell membrane stability and cellular recognition.
What are omega polyunsaturated fats known for?
Omega polyunsaturated fats lower blood cholesterol and prevent heart disease.
Example sentence: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fats have benefits related to cancer and obesity.
Does fat instigate cancer development?
No fat does not instigate cancer development but can promote it once it has arisen.
What type of diet is colon cancer related to?
Colon cancer is related to increased fat and low fiber diet.
What type of diet is breast cancer related to?
Breast cancer is related to increased levels of saturated fats in the diet.
What is the impact of high fat diets on body fat?
High fat diets tend to store body fat.
What are the benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fats?
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fats have benefits related to cancer and obesity.
What are the food sources of margarine and shortening?
Margarine and shortening are made from relatively less expensive vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil soybean oil corn oil and coconut oil.
How is margarine processed to give it the flavor of butter?
Margarine is further processed by churning the cultured milk.
What vitamins are margarine usually fortified with?
Margarine is usually fortified with vitamins A and D.
What are visible fats?
Visible fats include lard butter margarine shortenings salad oils and visible fats of meat.
What are invisible fats?
Invisible fats are those found in milk cheese eggs nuts and meat.
What is linoleic acid and where is it found?
Linoleic acid is the primary member of the omega-6 family found in vegetable oils like corn safflower soybean and cottonseed as well as in poultry fats.
What can linoleic acid be converted into?
Linoleic acid can be made into arachidonic acid which is abundant in meats.
What is linolenic acid and where is it found?
Linolenic acid is the primary member of the omega-3 family found in oils like flaxseed canola walnut wheat germ and soybeans as well as in nuts and seeds.
What can linolenic acid be converted into?
Linolenic acid can be made into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
