Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Turath?
Heritage: Waritha (to inherit) and Mirath (Inheritance)
What are the 2 main types of heritage?
Tangible (food) and intangible like practices und rituals
What is heritage?
Features belonging to the culture of a society like customs, traditions, buildings, languages and monuments and collective ownership
What is heritage, literature, culture and language in Arabic?
Turath,Adab, Thaqafah, Lughah
What are sources of pre-islamic Arabian heritage?
Excavations, inscriptions, poetry, Quran, Hadith, chronicles of historians and travelers.
Why is Arabic important?
Known as the language of the Quran and was spread through Islamic rule and is a literary heritage
What are the 3 main language groups in middle east
Semitic, indoeuropean, Turkic
What is the word Semitic derived from?
The biblical name Shem/Sam, one of prophet Nuh’s sons considered to be the father of the Semitic languages
Who first used the term Semitic?
German professor August Ludwig schlozer in 1781
Who said that Syriac Hebrew and arabic stem from the same language
Ibn Hazm from Andalusian Muslim Spain in 994 to 1064
Did protosemetic originate in lower Euphrates, Armenia, Africa and Arabia?
No
Where does Arabic of today belong to?
North Arabic
What distinguishes a Semitic language?
Tri-consonantal or tri-lateral root system: vowels and letters are manipulated
When was proto-arabic and what is the difference
7 BCE to CE, did not have dots, dots were introduced by Ali offer Islam evidence is epigraphic material
When and what was the transitional period?
Between 3 and 5 century from oral to dotted written Arabic. From 6th century was literary
When and what is jahiliyyah?
500 to 622 CE,era of ignorance, Arabic was a poetic language
When was the early Islamic period
622 to 661 CE when the prophet left Makkah for Medina, Arabic was a language of poetry and religion
What and when was the ummayyad period?
661 - 750 CE, Arabic became a language of administration, Banu Umayyad and Damascus was the capital
What and when was the Abbasid period?
750 - 1258 CE, Arabic was the language of civilization translation, literature, und scientific research. From quraysh and Baghdad was destroyed by mongols.
Post Abbasid?
13 - 18 century, crusades, mongoles,Iberian peninsula
What are the 3 types of Arabic
Classical Arabic (fusha), Modern Standard Arabic (fusha) and colloquial Arabic (amiyyah)
What is diglossia?
Sociolinguistic phenomena: coexistence of 2 language varieties, the higher literary form and the everyday spoken vernacular.
What is spectroglossia?
Multiple variations and levels from very literary to colloquial with intermediate levels
What do Arabic academies do?
Located in Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad, Amman. Preserve it from dialectical. Arabize words, to have a common Msa. Develop the language.
Order of oldest to youngest Semitic languages
Akkadian, Assyrian, Amharic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic
When was arabic chosen as an official UN language?
Out of 6 languages Arabic is one since 1973.
When did Arabic became the language of science, culture, and education?
8th, 9th and 10th century
