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AUBF - Lab > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A general state of physical, mental and emotional well-being.

A

Health

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2
Q

Condition in which the physical well-being of people is protected.

A

Safety

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3
Q

Protection of employees and organizational facilities.

A

Security

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4
Q

Importance of Health and Safety in the Workplace

A

The elimination, or at least minimization, of health and safety hazards and risks is the moral as well as the legal responsibility of employers.

Ill health and injuries inflicted or caused by the system of work or working conditions cause suffering and loss to individuals and their dependents.

Accidents and absences through ill-health or injuries result in losses and damage for the organization.

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5
Q

A thing that is dangerous or causes damage.

A

Hazard

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6
Q

Anything that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effects to individuals, environment or property

A

Hazard

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7
Q

Types of Safety Hazard

A

Chemical
Biological
Physical
Mechanical
Electrical

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8
Q

Arises from the exposure of chemical substances

A

Chemical Hazard

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9
Q

Types of chemicals that causes hazard

A

Toxic substances
Corrosive substances
Flammable/explosive substances
Reactive substances

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10
Q

can cause disease or infection

A

Biological Hazard

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11
Q

biological hazards examples

A

Pathogen
Biological Toxins
allergens

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12
Q

Physical Hazards

A

Radiation
Noise
Temperature extreme
vibration

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13
Q

exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation

A

Radiation

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14
Q

associated with machinery, equipment, and tools that can cause physical injuries, particularly from moving parts or improper operation

A

Mechanical Hazards

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15
Q

examples of Mechanical Hazards

A

Pinch points or crush injuries from moving machinery parts like conveyor belts or gears.

Injuries from cutting tools, such as scalpels or saws, leading to lacerations or amputations.

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16
Q

the misuse or faulty installation of electrical equipment, wiring, or devices

A

Electrical Hazard

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17
Q

Electrical Hazards

A

Electric shock
Electric fire
Electrocution

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18
Q

Electrical Hazards Precautions

A

Avoid water and fluid contact
Do not operate equipment with wet hands
Observe for frayed cords, overloads; report
Unplug and dry wet equipment
Equipment grounded with three-prong plugs

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19
Q

refers to an unplanned and often preventable event that results in injury, illness, property damage, or exposure to hazardous materials

Unplanned and unexpected events

A

Accident

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20
Q

Characteristics of Accidents

A

Unintentional
Preventable
Varied outcomes
Needs immediate response

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21
Q

Causes of Accidents

A

Improperly guarded equipment
Defective equipment
Hazardous conditions
Unsafe storage
Improper illumination
Improper ventilation

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22
Q

Examples of Accidents

A

Chemical spill
Sharps Injuries
Fire and Explosion Accidents

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23
Q

classification of chemical spill

A

Minor spill
Major spill

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24
Q

Minor spills characteristics

A
  • Small volume (usually less than 1 liter).
  • Involves non-toxic, non-corrosive, or low-hazard chemicals.
  • Does not pose significant health risks if handled properly.
  • No immediate danger of fire, explosion, or exposure to hazardous fumes.
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25
Q

Minor spills response

A

Alert: Notify others in the vicinity of the spill.

Wear PPE: Put on gloves, lab coat, and goggles to prevent exposure.

Contain: Use absorbent materials or spill pads to contain the spill.

Clean: Use the spill kit to clean up the spill, following appropriate procedures for chemical disposal.

Dispose: Place contaminated materials in designated hazardous waste containers

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26
Q

Major spills Characteristics

A

Large volume (greater than 1 liter) or high toxicity.

Involves highly toxic, corrosive, flammable, or reactive chemicals.

Potential for fire, explosion, or release of harmful fumes.

Poses an immediate threat to the health of laboratory personnel or the environment

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27
Q

Major spills Response

A

Evacuate: Evacuate the immediate area and notify all personnel.

Alert Authorities: Contact the lab supervisor, safety officer, or emergency responders.

Isolate the Area: Close off the spill area to prevent further contamination.

Ventilation: If the spill involves volatile chemicals, increase ventilation (if safe) or evacuate to prevent inhalation of toxic fumes.

Wait for Professional Cleanup: Allow trained personnel or HAZMAT) team to clean up the spill safely

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28
Q

minor spill - size

A

small volume (typically <1 liter)

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29
Q

major spill - size

A

large volume (typically >1 liter)

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30
Q

Minor spill - Hazard Level

A

Low risk, minimal health threat

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31
Q

Major spill - hazard level

A

high risk, significant health and safety threat

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32
Q

Minor spill - Response

A

Can be cleaned by trained lab personnel

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33
Q

Major spill - Response

A

Requires evacuation and professional cleanup

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34
Q

Examples of Minor spill

A

small spills of non-toxic chemicals

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35
Q

Examples of Major Spill

A

Large spills of toxic, corrosive, or flammable substances

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36
Q

Minor Spill - Immediate Danger

A

Minimal

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37
Q

Major Spill - Immediate Danger

A

Potential for fire, explosion, or exposure

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38
Q

Common Causes of Chemical Spills:

A

Human Error
Equipment Failure
Container damage
Natural Disaster

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39
Q

Prevention of Chemical Spills:

A

Proper Storage: Store chemicals in compatible containers with clear labeling. Separate incompatible chemicals.

Training: Ensure all personnel are trained in safe chemical handling, storage, and spill response procedures.

Spill Kits: Keep spill kits readily available, containing absorbents, neutralizing agents, and protective gear.

Regular Inspections: Check containers and storage areas for leaks or damage.

Follow Protocols: Adhere to the lab’s chemical handling and disposal procedures.

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40
Q

is an essential safety resource designed to manage and clean up hazardous chemical spills efficiently and safely. In a clinical laboratory, having_________ readily accessible is crucial for preventing injuries, contamination, and environmental hazards following an accidental spill.

A

spill kits

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41
Q

The purpose of the__________ is to ensure that research faculty, staff, and students who handle hazardous chemicals have the proper training and safety protections required by law.

A

Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)

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42
Q

The CHP is a written policy that sets forth engineering controls, administrative controls, work practices, and personal protective equipment that:

A

1) are intended to protect individuals from the physical and health hazards presented by hazardous chemical use in laboratories and research
2) meet the requirements of OSHA’s standard on Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories.

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43
Q

Written plan required by OSHA includes:

A
  • Standard operating procedures
  • Criteria to determine and implement control measures
  • Employee training
  • Chemical hygiene officer required
44
Q

the process of providing clear, accurate, and consistent information on the labels of chemical containers.

A

Chemical Labeling

45
Q

It was created to quickly alert emergency personnel to the risks associated with hazardous chemicals

A

NFPA hazard identification label

46
Q

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

A
  • OSHA requirement: employee’s right to know
  • Proper handling and emergency measures associated with the chemicals
  • Must have file available
  • Vendors supply but facility is responsible to collect and maintain file
47
Q

MSDS Information

A

Physical and chemical characteristics
Fire and explosion potential
Reactivity potential
Health hazards
Emergency first aid
Safe handling and disposal methods

48
Q

GENERAL RULES FOR CHEMICAL SAFETY

A
  • Always wear proper protective clothing—including lab coat, apron, gloves, and safety goggles—when working with chemicals.
  • Always use proper chemical cleanup materials when cleaning up chemical spills.
  • Never store chemicals above eye level.
  • Never add water to acid.
  • Never indiscriminately mix chemicals together.
  • Never store chemicals in unlabeled containers.
  • Never pour chemicals into dirty containers, especially containers previously used to store other chemicals.
  • Never use chemicals in ways other than their intended use.
49
Q

an injury caused by sharp objects:
Needles
Lancets
Broken glassware

A

Sharp Injuries

50
Q

Response to Sharp Injury:

A

Immediate Action:
Wash the wound with soap and water.
Encourage the wound to bleed gently but do not scrub the injury.
Apply an antiseptic and cover the wound with a clean dressing.

Report the Incident: Report the injury immediately to a supervisor or designated authority within the healthcare setting.

Medical Evaluation: Seek medical evaluation to assess the risk of infection and determine if post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is needed, particularly for bloodborne pathogens.

Follow-Up: Regular follow-up testing may be necessary to monitor for any signs of infection.

51
Q

The NFPA code word for the order of action in the event of fire

A

R - Rescue
A - Alarm
C - Contain
E - Extinguish

52
Q

occur with ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, papers, or clothing, and require water or water-based solutions to cool or quench the fire to extinguish it.

A

Class A fires

53
Q

occur with flammable liquids and vapors, such as paint, oil, grease, or gasoline, and require blocking the source of oxygen or smothering the fuel to extinguish.

A

Class B fires

54
Q

occur with electrical equipment and require nonconducting agents to extinguish.

A

Class C Fires

55
Q

occur with combustible or reactive metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and lithium, and require dry powder agents or sand to extinguish (they are the most difficult fires to control and frequently lead to explosions).

A

Class D Fires

56
Q

occur with high-temperature cooking oils, grease, or fats and require agents that prevent splashing and cool the fire as well as smother it.

A

Class K fires

57
Q

Water Extinguishers (Class A)

A

Color: Red

Used for: Fires involving solid materials like wood, paper, textiles, and plastics (Class A fires).

How it works: Cools the fire by soaking the material and lowering its temperature.

Not for use on: Electrical fires, flammable liquids, or metal fires.

58
Q

Foam Extinguishers (Class A and B)

A

Color: Cream label

Used for: Fires involving solid materials (Class A) and flammable liquids (Class B), such as petrol, diesel, and oil.

How it works: Forms a blanket over the burning liquid, cutting off the oxygen supply and preventing re-ignition.

Not for use on: Electrical fires unless it’s a specially rated extinguisher.

59
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Extinguishers (Class B and Electrical)

A

Color: Black label

Used for: Fires involving flammable liquids (Class B) and electrical equipment.

How it works: Displaces oxygen, which smothers the fire and cools the burning material.

Not for use on: Class A fires, as it does not have a cooling effect, and can lead to re-ignition.

60
Q

Dry Chemical Extinguishers (Class A, B, C, and Electrical)

A

Color: Blue label

Used for: A wide variety of fires, including solids (Class A), flammable liquids (Class B), flammable gases (Class C), and electrical fires.

How it works: Coats the fire with a fine powder that separates the fuel from oxygen.

Not for use in confined spaces: The powder can reduce visibility and may cause breathing problems.

61
Q

Wet Chemical Extinguishers (Class F)

A

Color: Yellow label

Used for: Fires involving cooking oils and fats, typically in kitchen settings (Class F).

How it works: Forms a foam layer on the burning oil or fat, cutting off oxygen and cooling the fire.

Not for use on: Electrical fires or flammable liquids.

62
Q

Specialist Extinguishers (Class D)

A

Used for: Fires involving combustible metals like magnesium, aluminum, and lithium.

How it works: The extinguisher uses a specialist powder to extinguish metal fires by smothering them.

Not for use on: Fires involving other types of fuel, as it is specifically designed for metal fires.

63
Q

Fire Extinguisher Operation

A

Pull pin
Aim at base of fire
Squeeze handles
Sweep nozzle side to side

64
Q

Are plans for preventing sickness and injury to personnel and damage or destruction of physical assets.

A

Laboratory Safety Plan

65
Q

Fundamental Objectives of Laboratory Safety Plan

A
  • To improve safety skills and attitude of all personnel
  • To develop a surveillance program for promptly identifying hazards
  • To formulate plans for promptly correcting all hazards
  • To coordinate laboratory safety efforts with the overall
66
Q

Hazards represent potential risks that, if not managed, can lead to accidents.

A

A. Hazards as Precursors to Accidents

67
Q

A laboratory with poor ventilation (a hazard) increases the risk of an accident involving the buildup of flammable gases, leading to an explosion.

A

Hazards as Precursors to Accidents

68
Q

Accidents often occur when safety measures fail or are not implemented correctly.

A

Accidents as Consequences of Uncontrolled Hazards

69
Q

For instance, a chemical spill might result from improper storage or handling of chemicals.

A

Accidents as Consequences of Uncontrolled Hazards

70
Q

occurs when harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade the body, multiply, and cause disease or damage to the tissues.

A

Infection

71
Q

This can be a bacteria, virus, parasites or prions. Any organism is capable of causing infection if all the links/components are present.

A

Infectious Agent

72
Q

A reservoir is the place where an infectious agent lives and reproduces in such a manner that it can be transmitted. Infectious agents can live in or on people, animals, insects, soil or water.

A

Reservoir

73
Q

Path by which infectious agent leaves the reservoir.

A

Portal of Exit

74
Q

Portal of Exit examples

A

excretions and secretions

non‐ intact skin (e.g., draining wounds)

respiratory tract (e.g., sneezing, coughing, talking)

gastrointestinal tract (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, stool)

mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth, vagina

75
Q

is how the pathogen moves from place to place

A

Mode of Transmission

76
Q

is the most common route of transmission of organisms in health care settings.

A

Contact Transmission

77
Q

refers to large droplets that are generated from the respiratory tract of infected individual during coughing, sneezing or laughing or during such procedures as suctioning.

A

Droplet Transmission

78
Q

occurs when an individual with an organism/disease that is transmitted by the airborne route expels the organism from their respiratory tract by coughing, laughing, singing and sneezing.

A

Airborne Transmission

79
Q

The point where the infectious agent enters a new host lace.

A

Portal of Entry

80
Q

examples of Portal of Entry

A
  • non‐intact skin (e.g., broken skin such as bed sores or wounds coming in contact with contaminated material)
  • respiratory tract
  • gastrointestinal tract (e.g., eating contaminated food)
  • mucous membranes (e.g., eyes, nose or mouth exposures with infectious agents)
81
Q

Thesusceptible hostis the person who may become infected.

A

Susceptible Host

82
Q

Factors that increase the risk of susceptibility are:

A
  • age (either very young or very old)
     underlying medical conditions e.g. diabetes
     treatments or invasive devices
     poor nutrition/general health
     burns
     surgery
     immunosuppression
83
Q

Breaking the Chain - Infectious Agent

A
  • antimicrobial therapy
  • cleaning, disinfection, sterilization
  • hand hygiene
84
Q

Breaking the Chain - Reservoir

A
  • environmental cleaning/disinfection
  • waste management
  • proper food storage
  • water treatment
  • engineering controls
85
Q

Break the Chain - Portal of Exit

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Disposal of waste and contaminated linen
  • Control of excretions and secretions (cover wounds, cover coughs and sneezes)
86
Q

Break the Chain - Mode of Transmission

A

-Spatial separation
- Engineering controls
- Hand hygiene
- Environmental sanitation
- Equipment disinfection/sterilization
- PPE

87
Q

Break the Chain - Portal of Entry

A
  • Hand Hygiene
  • Aseptic Technique
  • Wound care, Catheter care
  • PPE
88
Q

Break the Chain - Susceptible host

A
  • Immunization
  • Nutrition
  • Recognition of high-risk of individuals
  • Treatment
89
Q
  • 1987, blood-borne pathogens (HIV, HBV)
  • Gloves and face shields with visibly bloody specimens
  • Puncture-resistant containers
A

Universal Precautions

90
Q

Standard Precautions

A

Handwashing
Gloves
Mask, Eye Protection, Face Shield
Gown
Patient-care equipment
Environmental Control
Linen
Blood-borne pathogens
Patient Placement

91
Q

Occupational Exposure to Blood-borne Pathogens Standard (Monitored and enforced by OSHA)

A
  1. All employees practice UP and SP
  2. Employer provides gowns, coats, face and respiratory protection, gloves and laundry facilities for non-disposables
  3. Provides sharps disposal, prohibits needle recapping
  4. Prohibits eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics in work area
  5. Label all hazardous materials
  6. Provide free immunization for HBV
  7. Establish daily disinfectant protocol
  8. Household bleach 1:10
  9. Provide medical follow-up for workers exposed to blood-borne pathogens
    10.Document regular employee safety training
92
Q

Post-exposure Prophylaxis

A
  • Report accident immediately to supervisor
  • Testing must be done immediately
    You and the patient
  • HIV exposure prophylaxis must start within 24 hours
93
Q

not a substitute for hand washing

A

Gloves

94
Q

types of gloves

A

sterile and nonsterile, powdered and nonpowered, latex and nonlatex

95
Q

Dry, itchy rash on hands

A

delayed reaction

96
Q

Facial flushing , breathing difficulty

A

immediate reaction

97
Q
  • Protect skin and clothing
  • Completely buttoned, gloves pulled over wrist cuffs
  • Wear when working with specimens, remove when leaving lab
  • Change when visibly soiled
  • Discard disposable as biohazardous waste and nondisposable in designated laundry bins
A

fluid-Resistant Labcoats

98
Q

Goggles, full-face plastic shields, Plexiglas countertop shields
Splashes and aerosols caused by uncapping, pouring, transferring, and centrifuging
Never centrifuge uncapped specimens

A

Face protection

99
Q

Disinfect exterior
Request new specimen as per protocol

A

Contaminated specimen container exteriors

100
Q

Most health care-associated infections are preventable through good hand hygiene – cleaning hands at the right times and in the right way.

The WHO Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care support hand hygiene promotion and improvement in health care facilities worldwide.

A

Hand Hygiene

101
Q

World Hand Hygiene Day

A

May 5

102
Q

Disposal of Biological Waste

A
  • Specimens and contact materials
  • Waste containers have biohazard symbol
  • Containers disposed of per protocol
  • Urine can be poured down the sink, no splashes
  • Containers go in nonbiohazardous waste
  • Flush sink with water
  • Daily 1:5 or 1:10 sodium hypochlorite flush
  • Also use on counter tops
  • Store protected from light
103
Q

Waste Disposal - Treatment

A

Incineration
Chemical disinfection
Autoclaving
Encapsulation
Microwave irradiation

104
Q

Waste Disposal - Final Disposal

A

Landfill
Burying inside premises
Discharge into sewer

105
Q

5S

A
  • Sort : making things cleaned up.
  • Set on order : organize, identify and arrange everything in a workplace.
  • Shine : regular cleaning and maintenance
  • Standardize : make it easy to maintain
  • Sustain : maintaining what has been accomplished

AUBF - Lab (3 decks)

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