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Psychology in Everyday Life 6th Edition > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Critical thinking involve?

A

Assessing sources, examining assumptions, uncover hidden values, weighing evidence, assess conclusions.

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the Scientific Attitude?

A

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

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3
Q

What is structuralism?

A

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt that focused on the structure of the human mind

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4
Q

What is functionalism?

A

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin that focused on how the mind functions.

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5
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

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6
Q

What is psychology?

A

The science of behavior and mental processes.

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7
Q

What is humanistic psychology?

A

A historically important perspective emphasized human growth potential

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8
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The study of the mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, communicating, and solving problems

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9
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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10
Q

What is culture?

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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11
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A

An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

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12
Q

What is the nature–nurture issue?

A

An old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

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13
Q

What is dual processing?

A

the principle that our mind processes information at the same time on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

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14
Q

What is counseling psychology?

A

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

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15
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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16
Q

What is Psychiatry?

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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17
Q

What is community psychology?

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions (such as schools and neighborhoods) affect individuals and groups.

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18
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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19
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

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20
Q

What are peer reviewers?

A

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy.

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21
Q

What is a theory?

A

an explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.

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22
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

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23
Q

What is a operational definition?

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (Also known as operationalization.)

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24
Q

What is a replication?

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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25
Q

What is preregistration?

A

publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses.

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26
Q

What is a case study?

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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27
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without changing or controlling the situation.

28
Q

What is a survey?

A

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group.

29
Q

What is a population?

A

all those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)

30
Q

What is a random sample?

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

31
Q

What is correlation?

A

a measure of the extent to which two variables relate to each other, and thus of how well either one predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from −1.00 to +1.00, with 0 indicating no relationship.

32
Q

What is a experiment?

A

a method in which researchers vary one or more variables (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, researchers aim to control other variables that may change the research outcome.

33
Q

What is a random assignment?

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing any preexisting differences between the groups.

34
Q

What is a experimental group?

A

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

35
Q

What is a control group?

A

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; the control group serves as a comparison with the experimental group for judging the effect of the treatment.

36
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

results caused by expectations alone.

37
Q

What is a placebo?

A

An inactive substance or condition that is given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group.

38
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

39
Q

What is the confounding variable?

A

in an experiment, a variable other than the variable being studied that might influence a study’s results.

40
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

in an experiment, the variable that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

41
Q

What is informed consent?

A

permission based on researchers giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate.

42
Q

What is debriefing?

A

after an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study’s purpose and any deceptions researchers used.

43
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

44
Q

What is SQ3R?

A

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

45
Q

How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in the media, even if you’re not a scientific expert on the issue?

A

It ensures you’re thinking smart, evaluating what the source claims and looking for evidence. It ensures you don’t immediately take something as truth.

46
Q

As scientists, psychologists

a. keep their methods private so others will not repeat their research.
b. assume the truth of articles published in leading scientific journals.
c. reject evidence that competes with traditional findings.
d. are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research.

A

d

47
Q

In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, _____ ________ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

48
Q

William James would be considered a(n) _______. Wilhelm Wundt would be considered a(n) ________.

A

functionalist; structuralist

49
Q

In the early twentieth century, _______ redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior.”

A

John B. Watson

50
Q

Nature is to nurture as

a. personality is to intelligence.
b. biology is to experience.
c. intelligence is to biology.
d. psychological traits are to behaviors.

A

B

51
Q

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?

a. Differences among the genders outweigh any similarities.
b. Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.
c. Both similarities and differences among the genders depend more on biology than on environment.
d. Gender differences are so numerous that it is difficult to make meaningful comparisons.

A

B

52
Q

__________ _________ is the principle that our mind processes information on two tracks at the same time — one with our full awareness and the other outside of our awareness.

A

Dual processing

53
Q

A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely to be a(n)

A

Clinical Psychologist

54
Q

A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a __________.

A

Psychiatrist

55
Q

Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to their field of study as _________.

A

Positive psychology

56
Q

________ _________ refers to our tendency to perceive events as predictable and obvious after the fact.

A

Hindsight bias

57
Q

A theory-based prediction is called a(n) ____.

A

Hypothesis

58
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and describe behavior?

a. A case study
b. Naturalistic observation
c. Correlational research
d. A phone survey

A

C

59
Q

For your survey, you need to establish a group of people who represent the country’s entire adult population. To do this, you will need to question a ___________ sample of the population.

A

Random (representative)

60
Q

A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a _________ (positive/negative) correlation.

A

Negative

61
Q

Knowing that two events are correlated provides

a. a basis for prediction.
b. an explanation of why the events are related.
c. proof that as one increases, the other also increases.
d. an indication that an underlying third variable is at work.

A

A

62
Q

To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use _______.

A

Experiments

63
Q

To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental groups. Those in the control group take a pill that contains no medication. This pill is a _______.

A

Placebo

64
Q

In a double-blind procedure,

a. only the participants know whether they are in the control group or the experimental group.
b. experimental and control group members will be carefully matched for age, sex, income, and education level.
c. neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the experimental group or control group.
d. someone separate from the researcher will ask people to volunteer for the experimental group or the control group.

A

C

65
Q

A researcher wants to know whether noise level affects workers’ blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the ______ ______.

A

Independent variable

66
Q

The laboratory environment is designed to

a. exactly re-create the events of everyday life.
b. re-create psychological forces undercontrolledconditions.
c. re-create psychological forces under randomconditions.
d. reduce the use of animals and humans in psychological research.

A

B

67
Q

In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted that

a. animals’ biology and behavior can tell us much about our own.
b. animal experimentation sometimes helps animals as well as humans.
c. animals are fascinating creatures and worthy of study.
d. all of these statements are correct.

A

D

Psychology in Everyday Life 6th Edition (4 decks)

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