Chapter 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Anatomy
Define gross anatomy
the approach of anatomy that focuses on naming and describing relationships among the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye
List the four principal tissues found in the body and describe the general function of each
epithelia - covers exposed surfaces as a source of protection + forms glands
connective tissue - collections of cells, fibers, and ground substance that provide support for other tissues and structures in the body
muscle tissue - generates mechanical force to allow movement of the body or movement of contents in hollow organs
nervous tissue - provides the structures for long-distance communication within the body by transmitting electrical signals from the nervous system to organs
Describe the functions of epithelial tissue and list where it is located
covers exposed surfaces as a source of protection (e.g. the skin) and forms glands; it is located lining the walls of open tubes, where it is aligned on a basement membrane and provides a secretory (outward) and/or absorptive (inward) surface
List the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal (moves body), cardiac (pumps blood), and smooth muscle (moves contents in hollow organs or controls constriction and dilation of arteries)
Define tissue
anatomically similar cells that work together to serve a shared function
Define organ
tissues that are bundled together and folded into a three-dimensional shape (usually tube like) that perform a function
Define organ system
organs that work together to serve a larger function for the body
Describe anatomical position using anatomical terminology
individual is erect with eyes looking forward, upper limbs hanging by sides, elbows, wrists, and fingers extended, forearms are supinated (so palms of hands face forward), lower limbs extended, knees straight, feet together and flat on the floor with toes forward, penis erect (in males)
Describe the supine body position
patient is lying on their back
Describe the prone body position
patient is lying face down
Explain the perspective used when applying the terms “left” and “right” to describe bilateral structures. Example: the “left hand.”
left and right from the perspective of the patient
Describe the location of and identify the cervical body region
neck
Describe the location of and identify the cephalic body region
head
Describe the location of and identify the buccal body region
cheek area
Describe the location of and identify the otic body region
ear
Describe the location of and identify the mental body region
chin
Describe the location of and identify the acromial body region
shoulder region
Describe the location of and identify the axillary body region
armpit
Describe the location of and identify the brachial body region
portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow
Describe the location of and identify the antebrachial body region
portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist
Describe the location of and identify the palmar body region
palm of hand (front of hand)
Describe the location of and identify the pollex body region
thumb
Describe the location of and identify the mammary body region
location of breast tissue and the pectoral muscles
Describe the location of and identify the sternal body region
center of the chest overlying the breastbone
Describe the location of and identify the abdominal body region
portion of the torso between the bottom of the rib cage and top of the pelvis
Describe the location of and identify the inguinal body region
junction between torso and thigh (commonly called “groin”)
Describe the location of and identify the pelvic body region
pelvis
Describe the location of and identify the crural body region
portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Describe the location of and identify the femoral body region
portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Describe the location of and identify the pedal body region
foot
Describe the location of and identify the hallux body region
great (big) toe
Describe the location of and identify the lumbar body region
lower back (between bottom of rib cage and top of pelvis)
Describe the location of and identify the gluteal body region
buttocks
Describe the location of and identify the sural body region
posterior surface (back) of leg (commonly called “calf”)
Describe the location of and identify the popliteal body region
posterior surface (back) of knee
Define the distal spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
parts of limbs located further away from the trunk/body
The wrist is distal from the elbow.
Describe the location of and identify the plantar body region
sole (bottom) of foot
Define the inferior (caudal) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
closer to or moving towards the feet
The feet are inferior to the stomach.
Define the anterior (ventral) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
towards or located on the front surface of the body
The nose is anterior to the spinal column.
Define the posterior (dorsal) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
towards or located on the back surface of the body
The spinal column is posterior to the mouth.
Define the superior (cranial) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
closer to or moving towards the head
The mouth is superior to the rib cage.
Define the medial spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
closer to or moving towards the midline
The eyes are medial to the ears.
Define the proximal spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
parts of limbs located closer to the trunk/body
The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Define the lateral spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
further away or moving away from the midline
The ears are lateral to the nose.
Define the superficial spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
located to or closer to the external surface of the body
The skin is superficial to muscles.
Define the sagittal anatomical plane
divides the body into right and left sections
Define the deep spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence
located further away from the external surface of the body
The bones are deep to the skin.
Define the frontal (coronal) anatomical plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Define the transverse (horizontal) anatomical plane
divides the body into upper/superior and lower/inferior sections
Define the oblique anatomical plane
planes that pass through the body at an angle
Describe the difference between a midsagittal plane and a (para)sagittal plane
midsagittal - the plane that divides the body directly in half
parasagittal - any sagittal plane that is not at the midline
Specify the four abdominal quadrants and the planes used to create them
Planes: median and transumbilical planes
Quadrants: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
Describe the location and identify the pleural cavity
the reflections of the pleura within the pulmonary cavity (which contain a lung)
Specify the nine abdominal regions and the planes that create them
Planes: left midclavicular plane, right midclavicular plane, subcostal plane, transtubercular plane
Regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Describe the location and identify the thoracic cavity
anterior body cavity that is superior to the diaphragm; divides into the pericardial, pleural, and superior mediastinum cavities
Describe the location and identify the anterior (ventral) body cavity
frontal body cavity; divides into the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Describe the location and identify the pericardial cavity
located between the heart and the neighboring pleura of the pulmonary cavity; the reflection of the pericardium within the mediastinum
Describe the location and identify the posterior (dorsal) body cavity
back body cavity; divides into the cranial and spinal cavities
Describe the location and identify the superior mediastinum
extends from the base of the neck to the diaphragm between the left and right lungs; contains the heart (and its serous membrane), the pericardium, the esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, major blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic structures
Describe the location and identify the diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Describe the location and identify the abdominal cavity
located below the diaphragm and above the pelvic brim; contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine
Describe the location and identify the pelvic cavity
located below the pelvic brim; contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
Describe the location and identify the cranial cavity
located inside the skull; contains the brain
Describe the location and identify the spinal cavity
located within the vertebral column; contains the spinal cord
List the three named serous membranes and explain which organs/body regions are associated with each
pericardium - heart
pleura - lungs
peritoneum - digestive organs
