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ANTR 350 - Fundamentals of Anatomy Learning Objectives > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy

1
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

the approach of anatomy that focuses on naming and describing relationships among the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

List the four principal tissues found in the body and describe the general function of each

A

epithelia - covers exposed surfaces as a source of protection + forms glands
connective tissue - collections of cells, fibers, and ground substance that provide support for other tissues and structures in the body
muscle tissue - generates mechanical force to allow movement of the body or movement of contents in hollow organs
nervous tissue - provides the structures for long-distance communication within the body by transmitting electrical signals from the nervous system to organs

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3
Q

Describe the functions of epithelial tissue and list where it is located

A

covers exposed surfaces as a source of protection (e.g. the skin) and forms glands; it is located lining the walls of open tubes, where it is aligned on a basement membrane and provides a secretory (outward) and/or absorptive (inward) surface

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4
Q

List the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal (moves body), cardiac (pumps blood), and smooth muscle (moves contents in hollow organs or controls constriction and dilation of arteries)

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5
Q

Define tissue

A

anatomically similar cells that work together to serve a shared function

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6
Q

Define organ

A

tissues that are bundled together and folded into a three-dimensional shape (usually tube like) that perform a function

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7
Q

Define organ system

A

organs that work together to serve a larger function for the body

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8
Q

Describe anatomical position using anatomical terminology

A

individual is erect with eyes looking forward, upper limbs hanging by sides, elbows, wrists, and fingers extended, forearms are supinated (so palms of hands face forward), lower limbs extended, knees straight, feet together and flat on the floor with toes forward, penis erect (in males)

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9
Q

Describe the supine body position

A

patient is lying on their back

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10
Q

Describe the prone body position

A

patient is lying face down

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11
Q

Explain the perspective used when applying the terms “left” and “right” to describe bilateral structures. Example: the “left hand.”

A

left and right from the perspective of the patient

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12
Q

Describe the location of and identify the cervical body region

A

neck

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12
Q

Describe the location of and identify the cephalic body region

A

head

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13
Q

Describe the location of and identify the buccal body region

A

cheek area

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14
Q

Describe the location of and identify the otic body region

A

ear

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15
Q

Describe the location of and identify the mental body region

A

chin

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16
Q

Describe the location of and identify the acromial body region

A

shoulder region

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17
Q

Describe the location of and identify the axillary body region

A

armpit

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18
Q

Describe the location of and identify the brachial body region

A

portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow

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19
Q

Describe the location of and identify the antebrachial body region

A

portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist

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20
Q

Describe the location of and identify the palmar body region

A

palm of hand (front of hand)

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21
Q

Describe the location of and identify the pollex body region

A

thumb

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22
Q

Describe the location of and identify the mammary body region

A

location of breast tissue and the pectoral muscles

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23
Q

Describe the location of and identify the sternal body region

A

center of the chest overlying the breastbone

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24
Q

Describe the location of and identify the abdominal body region

A

portion of the torso between the bottom of the rib cage and top of the pelvis

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24
Q

Describe the location of and identify the inguinal body region

A

junction between torso and thigh (commonly called “groin”)

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25
Q

Describe the location of and identify the pelvic body region

A

pelvis

26
Q

Describe the location of and identify the crural body region

A

portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle

26
Q

Describe the location of and identify the femoral body region

A

portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee

27
Q

Describe the location of and identify the pedal body region

A

foot

28
Q

Describe the location of and identify the hallux body region

A

great (big) toe

29
Q

Describe the location of and identify the lumbar body region

A

lower back (between bottom of rib cage and top of pelvis)

30
Q

Describe the location of and identify the gluteal body region

A

buttocks

31
Q

Describe the location of and identify the sural body region

A

posterior surface (back) of leg (commonly called “calf”)

31
Q

Describe the location of and identify the popliteal body region

A

posterior surface (back) of knee

32
Q

Define the distal spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

parts of limbs located further away from the trunk/body

The wrist is distal from the elbow.

33
Q

Describe the location of and identify the plantar body region

A

sole (bottom) of foot

34
Q

Define the inferior (caudal) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

closer to or moving towards the feet

The feet are inferior to the stomach.

35
Q

Define the anterior (ventral) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

towards or located on the front surface of the body

The nose is anterior to the spinal column.

36
Q

Define the posterior (dorsal) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

towards or located on the back surface of the body

The spinal column is posterior to the mouth.

37
Q

Define the superior (cranial) spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

closer to or moving towards the head

The mouth is superior to the rib cage.

38
Q

Define the medial spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

closer to or moving towards the midline

The eyes are medial to the ears.

39
Q

Define the proximal spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

parts of limbs located closer to the trunk/body

The knee is proximal to the ankle.

39
Q

Define the lateral spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

further away or moving away from the midline

The ears are lateral to the nose.

40
Q

Define the superficial spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

located to or closer to the external surface of the body

The skin is superficial to muscles.

41
Q

Define the sagittal anatomical plane

A

divides the body into right and left sections

41
Q

Define the deep spatial orientation/directionality term and give an example in a sentence

A

located further away from the external surface of the body

The bones are deep to the skin.

42
Q

Define the frontal (coronal) anatomical plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

43
Q

Define the transverse (horizontal) anatomical plane

A

divides the body into upper/superior and lower/inferior sections

44
Q

Define the oblique anatomical plane

A

planes that pass through the body at an angle

45
Q

Describe the difference between a midsagittal plane and a (para)sagittal plane

A

midsagittal - the plane that divides the body directly in half
parasagittal - any sagittal plane that is not at the midline

46
Q

Specify the four abdominal quadrants and the planes used to create them

A

Planes: median and transumbilical planes
Quadrants: right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

47
Q

Describe the location and identify the pleural cavity

A

the reflections of the pleura within the pulmonary cavity (which contain a lung)

47
Q

Specify the nine abdominal regions and the planes that create them

A

Planes: left midclavicular plane, right midclavicular plane, subcostal plane, transtubercular plane
Regions: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

48
Q

Describe the location and identify the thoracic cavity

A

anterior body cavity that is superior to the diaphragm; divides into the pericardial, pleural, and superior mediastinum cavities

48
Q

Describe the location and identify the anterior (ventral) body cavity

A

frontal body cavity; divides into the thoracic and abdominal cavities

49
Q

Describe the location and identify the pericardial cavity

A

located between the heart and the neighboring pleura of the pulmonary cavity; the reflection of the pericardium within the mediastinum

50
Q

Describe the location and identify the posterior (dorsal) body cavity

A

back body cavity; divides into the cranial and spinal cavities

50
Q

Describe the location and identify the superior mediastinum

A

extends from the base of the neck to the diaphragm between the left and right lungs; contains the heart (and its serous membrane), the pericardium, the esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, major blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic structures

51
Q

Describe the location and identify the diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

52
Q

Describe the location and identify the abdominal cavity

A

located below the diaphragm and above the pelvic brim; contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine

53
Q

Describe the location and identify the pelvic cavity

A

located below the pelvic brim; contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

54
Q

Describe the location and identify the cranial cavity

A

located inside the skull; contains the brain

55
Q

Describe the location and identify the spinal cavity

A

located within the vertebral column; contains the spinal cord

56
Q

List the three named serous membranes and explain which organs/body regions are associated with each

A

pericardium - heart
pleura - lungs
peritoneum - digestive organs

ANTR 350 - Fundamentals of Anatomy Learning Objectives (6 decks)

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