Chapter 1 Flashcards
Microbiology
Study of small living things. the study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye
what unit is the average virus and cell?
Virus=nm
Cell=mm
prokaryotes
cellular (before nucleus) bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes
(true nucleus) cellular, fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths
Viruses
viruses and bacteriophage (bacteria eaters), acellular (not cells)
metabolism
enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions (Bacteria)
reproduction
progeny formed sexually or asexually (bacteria and viruses, but the host does it for viruses)
differentiation
different cell types can occur (bacteria)
communication
signaling within and between cells (bacteria)
locomotion
relative movement of cell or organism (bacteria)
evolution
genetic change over time (bacteria and virus)
microbes
a microorganism, such that causes disease or fermentation. earliest orgs found, they run the planet without them we would die
environmental microbiology
microbial photosynthesis accounts for most oxygen, and are essential for decomposition
food microbiology
microbes used to preseve and make food products
industrial microbiology
microbes produce important compounds like antibiotics and MSG
recombinant biology
microbes eat anything carbon including oils
microbial disease
only a few % of microbes cause disease
bacteriology
study of prokaryotes
mycology
study of fungi
phycology
study of algae
protozoology
the study of protozoa
virology
the study of viruses
immunology
the study of the immune system and its defenses
parasitology
the study of parasites and their hosts
Robert Hooke
coined “cell”, first to see microorgs
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
dutch fabric merchant using hand made lens to count thread found many detailed microscopic observations
spontaneous generation debate
life rapidly appears from non-living things (abiogenesis)
biogenesis
living things originate from other living things
aristotle
early naturalist who favored spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
Italian philosopher, disproved spontaneous generation of maggots with covered meat dish
Louis Joblot
French mathematician heated covered and uncovered hay wayer and found dust contamination
John Needham
English scientist boiled chicken broth, poured into clean and covered flash, saw growth occurred even when covered
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Italian Priest repeated Needham’s experiment but with a originally sealed flash and saw no growth in the sealed flash disproving Needham
Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann
German biologists treated incoming gas with heat or chemicals after oxygen was discovered and saw no grown (not oxygens doing but something in oxygen?)
Louis Pasteur
Used swan-neck flasks that allow oxygen in but traps dust particals are the deck, proving that oxygen doesnt grow microbes but that there is microbes in dust
endospores
asexual pores found in microbes
John Tyndall
english physicist described heat-resistant microbes (endospores)
Ferdinand Cohn
German botanist discovered and described endospores in some soil bacteria
Oliver Wendell Holmes
American Physician obeserved apparent spread of puerperal fever, work does before germ theory was recognized
Ignatz Semmelweiss
Vienna physician forced handwashing with chlorinated lime colutions and saw decrease in death/sepsis
John Snow
British doctor studied Cholera outbreak in Soho and tracked its outbreak to contaminated drinking water (Epidemiology)
Beginning of germ theory
discovered by Louis Pasteur as he was hired to find out why wine was going sour. discovered that if wine can be infected, so can humans!
Joseph Lister
Applied germ theory and used Carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands, wounds, and operating rooms. saw reduction of infections and sepsis
Robert Koch
German Microbiologist worked to discover what microbes causes what diseases and described several postulates for the cause of disease
Koch’s first postulate
the suspected pathogenic org should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animal
Koch’s second postulate
the suspected org should be grown in pure curlture
Koch’s third postulate
cells from a pure culture of the suspected org should cause disease in a healthy animal
Koch’s fourth postulate
the org should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
Taxonomy
the science of classifying living things
(KPCOFGS) Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
Carl Von Linne
began systematically classifying living things
Binomial
every org has a two-name designation- Genus species
5 Kingdom Model
Robert Whittaker
1. animals
2. plants
3. fungi
4. protists
5. Monera
New Phylogeny
Carl Woese three “Domains”
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya
