Chapter 1 Flashcards
Body cavity terms, landmarks of the body, organization of the body in order from smallest to largest, main organs and main functions of the body systems.all of the vocab terms and concepts topics (homeostasis, metabolism, negative and positive feedback, stimulus, effector, receptor, response, anatomy, physiology)
What is anatomy?
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
What is physiology?
Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
What are atoms?
Tiny building blocks of matter.
What are cells?
The smallest units of all living things.
What are tissues?
Consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
What is an organ?
A structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.
What is an organism?
The largest level of the structural organization.
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes the hair and fingernails.
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles form the muscular system
Nervous System
Fast-acting control system
Endocrine System
Controls body activities, but acts much more slowly
Cardiovascular System
Made up of the Heart and Blood Vessels. the heart pumps blood with the blood vessels transport blood to tissues
Lymphatic System
Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs. Complements that of the cardiovascular system.
Respiratory System
To keep the body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
A tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus.
Urinary System
Removes the nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.
Reproductive System (Male)
To produce offspring. The external organs include the penis, scrotum and testicles. Internal organs include the sperm duct, prostate and urethra. The male reproductive system is responsible for sexual function and urination.
Reproductive System (Female)
To product offspring. Vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus.
Movement
includes all activities promoted by the muscular system
Digestion
The process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
Metabolism
Refers to chemical reactions within the body and all of its cells
Excretion
Process of removing excreta or waste from the body
Reproduction
The production of offspring. Can occur on the cellular level or organism level
Homeostasis
describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Receptor
type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
Control Center
Determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained
Effector
Provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus
Negative Feedback
Net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity
Positive Feedback
rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance and to push the variable farther from its original value
Homeostatic Imbalance
Most disease can be regarded as being the result of its disturbance
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the shape of the body and its parts while Physiology is the study of how the body and its part function
List the levels of organization from atom to organism.
- Atoms
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Organ Systems do not work in isolation. Give two (2) examples of how three (3) different organ systems work together.
EX. After a large meal is eaten, several organ systems work together to help the digestive system obtain more blood to perform its functions
Explain which body systems are most involved in getting nutrients and oxygen inside our body to be used for our survival.
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes
Explain the Anatomical Position
the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward
Explain the difference between Superior and Inferior
Superior means ‘higher’, inferior means ‘lower’.
Explain the difference between Anterior and Posterior
Anterior refers to the ‘front’, and posterior refers to the ‘back’.
Explain the difference between Medial and Lateral
Medial means towards the mid line, lateral means away from the mid line.
Explain the difference between Intermediate and Proximal
proximal means closer to its origin, intermediate means further away.
Explain the difference between Superficial and Deep
Superficial means closer to the surface of the body, as compared to ‘deep’ which means away from the body surface (usually more internally placed)
Explain the difference between the dorsal and ventral body cavities
The dorsal cavity contains the spinal cord, central nervous system, and spinal column, whereas the ventral cavity consists of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Explain, with examples, the difference between negative and positive feedback
positive feedback amplifies change while negative feedback reduces change. This means that positive feedback will result in more of a product: more apples, more contractions, or more clotting platelets
Which feedback system is more rare? Why?
Positive feedback mechanisms are rare. It amplifies changes rather than reversing them. The release of Oxycontin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor is an example of positive feedback mechanism
