Chapter 1 Flashcards
What four ways do firefighters die?
Cardiac Arrest, asphyxiation, collapse injuries, thermal insult
What are the core principles of structural firefighting?
Fire behavior, building construction, strategy, tactics, safety, and training
What is the foundation upon which other five core principles stand?
Training
What is the biggest challenge that modern fire departments and fire districts face today?
Tight budgets, over scheduling, true organizational commitment to relevant training in core principles.
Fewer firefighter injuries and fatalities is a result of what?
Safe and effective fireground operations
What is the main purpose of this book?
To understand your job
What is the first core principle of structural firefighting?
Fire Behavior
Fire behavior is also called what?
Fire Dynamics
What were the three distinct stages of fire inside a structure referred to as in the past?
Incipient stage, the free burning stage, the smoldering stage
What are the four stages of modern fire development?
Incipient stage, growth stage, fully developed stage, Decay stage
What is the chemical reaction that refers to chemical decomposition?
Pyrolysis
The self-sustaining rapid chemical reaction that requires heat, fuel, and oxygen
Fire
What are the four components that make up the fire tetrahedron?
Heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical chain reaction
What should the first arriving company do on an incipient stage fire?
Stretch an 1-3/4 hand line
What products of combustion do we breathe in?
CO, hydrogen cyanide, benzene, ammonia, phosgene, and other toxins and carcinogens
At what stage of the fire does it have enough oxygen to sustain flames?
Growth stage
Fire growth is dependent on what four variables?
Available oxygen, available fuel, compartment size, and the insulating value.
The higher the heat release rate,______.
The faster the fire will grow
Fire growth is all about what?
The fuels heat release rate
What other factors related to Fuels determine the fire’s ability to consume the fuel?
Quantity, Class, quality, and density of fuel.
The stratification of fire gases inside a fire compartment is called what?
Thermal layering
Hot fire gases found at the ceiling and cooler fire gases found at the floor is referred to as what?
Thermal balance
What size hand line should be pulled on a growth stage fire?
1-3/4 or 2-1/2
Who was the first to experiment with putting quick spurts of water into the overhead during the 1980s?
Swedish fire service
What do we call the technique known as penciling?
Flow and move
Who is responsible for three-dimensional 3d water fog applications?
Paul Greenwood London fire brigade
What nozzles can be used for penciling or flow and move?
Fog nozzles on a straight stream or smoothbore
Flashover occurs when?
End of the growth stage
Fire in a compartment can produce heat levels as high as?
2000 degrees Fahrenheit
Flames appearing at the ceiling level and traveling with the smoke two areas of less pressure is referred to as?
Flameover
_______ stage is when the fire has flashed over and now involves the entire compartment or space of a structure, and all the contents are burning
Fully developed
The rate at which the fully developed compartment fire is burning is limited by the amount of what?
Ventilation, or oxygen, that the compartment is receiving
All fires and structures that have reached the fully developed stage are what?
Ventilation limited fires
When a fully developed fire has plenty of oxygen and is only limited by the amount of fuel available it is referred to as?
Fuel limited fire
Every fully developed stage fire that occurs inside a structure is likely Ventilation Limited unless what?
Several exterior walls of the structure have collapsed or have been consumed by fire
What is a flammability range of carbon monoxide?
12.5% to 74%
How do you prevent a backdraft from occurring?
Vertical ventilation directly over the involved area or enough water into the space to cool the superheated gases
Why do today’s firefighters and counter flashovers more frequently?
Automated fire detection systems, fires burn hotter today, better insulated structures
________ is composed of areas with any structure, between an inlet and an outlet that allows the movement of heat and smoke from the higher pressure fire area towards the lower pressure areas by way of door rays, stairways, or Windows
Flow path
When the fuel and the compartment or space has been mostly consumed by fire, the fire will decrease in size and intensity and the heat released by the fire will decrease significantly. This stage is known as what?
Decay stage
