Chapter 1

Question 1

The number of cells in the body

Answer 1

100 trillion

Question 2

The number of red blood cells in the body

Answer 2

25 trillion

Question 3

What is homeostasis?

Answer 3

The maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the body

Question 4

What is disease?

Answer 4

The state of disrupted homeostasis

Question 5

What is Cell theory?

Answer 5

Cells are the basic functional and structural unit of the body

Cells arise from pre-existing cells

Omnis cellula e cellula

Functional activity of cell depends on specific structural proteins in the cell

Cells are building blocks of the body

Question 6

The body is made up of how much fluid ?

Answer 6

60% of body is made up of fluid

Out of this 60%, 40% is ICF and 20% is in ECF

Out of this 20%, 5% fluid is plasma and 15% is interstitial fluid

Question 7

Majority of ions in the ECF?

Answer 7

Sodium, chloride and bicarbonate

Question 8

Majority of ions in the ICF?

Answer 8

Potassium, phosphate and magnesium

Question 9

The term homeostasis was introduced by?

Answer 9

Walter Cannon in 1929

Question 10

Circulation of blood when the body is at rest?

Answer 10

One cycle each minute

Question 11

Circulation of blood when the body is in the state of exercise?

Answer 11

Six cycles per minute

Question 12

Which thing cannot pass through a capillary wall?

Answer 12

Plasma proteins

Question 13

The origin of nutrients in the ECF is due to?

Answer 13

Lungs of respiratory system
Gastrointestinal tract
Liver, kidneys and endocrine glands
Musculoskeletal system

Question 14

Which organs are responsible for the removal of metabolic and products from the body?

Answer 14

Lungs of respiratory system
Liver
Kidneys
Gastrointestinal tract

Question 15

Regulation of body systems is caused by which systems?

Answer 15

Nervous system:
As it contains a sensory input portion, central nervous system and motor output portion.
The most important part is played by the autonomic nervous system

Hormone system:
As it contains eight major endocrine glands that secrete hormones in the ECF to transport to the target tissues

Question 16

Which systems are responsible for the protection of body?

Answer 16

Immune system:
As it is responsible for the identification and destruction of foreign particles in the body

Integumentary system:
As it acts as a barrier between the body and the environment

Question 17

How much body weight is covered by the skin?

Answer 17

The skin takes up 12 to 15% of the body weight

Question 18

What are the examples of control systems in the body?

Answer 18

The regulation of arterial blood pressure by the baroreceptor system

The regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the ECF

Question 19

What are the characteristics of control systems?

Answer 19

Most of these are negative feedback type
The gain of control system is higher

Question 20

What is the gain of a control system?

Answer 20

It tells us the effectiveness with which a control system maintains the constant conditions

Gain= Correction/Error

Question 21

Why positive feedback causes vicious cycle?

Answer 21

In case of 1 L of blood loss, the body can compensate it by the negative feedback system
But in case of 2 L of blood loss, the body cannot compensate it, and the pumping of heart further decreases due to which the death occurs.

Question 22

In which cases positive feedback is helpful for the body?

Answer 22

Blood clotting
Childbirth
Transmission of nerve signals

Question 23

How positive feedback is part of a negative feedback?

Answer 23

As in case of blood clotting, this process is part of the process to stop the bleeding and it turn prevent the blood loss

As in case of nerve impulse generation, impulse can in turn be part of a negative feedback overall

Question 24

What is adaptive control?

Answer 24

It is delayed negative feedback

The body performs the function and send signal to the brain for its correction in the future responses by the feed forward control.