Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.

A

Endocrine: release directly into bloodstream
Exocrine: release into a duct that opens onto external or internal surfaces

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2
Q

hypothalamus function

A

produces hypophysiotropic hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland; in
addition, makes hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

pituitary gland function

A

also known as hypophysis; produces tropic hormones that regulate many of the other
endocrine glands

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4
Q

pineal gland function

A

produces melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily
sleep-wake cycles

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5
Q

thyroid function

A

produces thyroxine, which regulates the rate of metabolism; essential to
normal growth and development; in addition, makes calcitonin, which lowers blood
calcium levels

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6
Q

parathyroid function

A

produces parathyroid hormone, which stimulates bone resorption and increases blood
calcium levels

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7
Q

thymus function

A

produces thymosin, which stimulates T cell development

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8
Q

pancreas function

A

produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood

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8
Q

adrenal cortex function

A

produces stress hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and carbohydrate
and fat metabolism; in addition, makes hormones involved in sodium retention

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9
Q

ovaries function

A

produces estrogen and progesterone, which are involved in uterine and
mammary tissue development and female secondary sex characteristics; maintenance
of pregnancy

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10
Q

testes function

A

produces testosterone, which is responsible for spermatogenesis and male secondary
sex characteristics

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11
Q

Give several examples of how the endocrine system is complex.

A

A single endocrine gland can produce several hormones.

A single hormone may be secreted by more than one endocrine gland.

Not all endocrine organs are exclusively endocrine in function.

A single target cell may be influenced by more than one hormone.

A single hormone has more than one target cell (can induce more than one response).

Some bioregulators have overlapping roles (can act as a hormone, neurohormone, neurotransmitter, etc.)

Some hormones are under the direct influence of the pituitary (tropic) and the hypothalamus (hypophysiotropic).

A given hormone can be influenced by the concentrations of other hormones that interact with it (synergism, antagonism)

Pathologies can hypo- or hyper-secretion of a given hormone at the level of the hypothalamus (3), pituitary (2), or target organ (1)

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12
Q

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone

A

the receptor molecule

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13
Q

neurocrines

A

A chemical signaling facilitated by the neurons or nerve cells

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

secreted by neurons into synapse (ACh, GABA)

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15
Q

neuromodulators

A

secreted by neurons into extracellular space (endorphins)

16
Q

neurohormones

A

secreted by neurons into blood or CSF

17
Q

hormones

A

secreted by endocrine glands into blood

18
Q

Simple Endocrine Reflex

A

Not directly under the influence of the brain and/or pituitary gland

Independent endocrine bioregulators (Ex: Adipose tissue, Parathyroid, Pancreas, GI tract, Pineal gland)

19
Q

Hypophysiorpic hormones

A

Stimulate/inhibit release of tropic hormones within pituitary

20
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Stimulate production of hormones by another endocrine gland

Maintain endocrine tissues

21
Q

Non-tropic hormones

A

Exert effects on non-endocrine target tissues

22
Q

Negative feedback

A

maintains homeostasis, back toward set point

23
Q

Long-loop negative feedback

A

target gland hormones feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary to modify secretion of hypophysiotropic or tropic hormones

24
Q

Short-loop negative feedback

A

pituitary hormones feedback to hypothalamus to modify secretion of hypophysiotropic hormones

25
Q

Positive feedback

A

drives away from set point, long-term can be detrimental (ex: oxytocin during childbirth)

26
Q

Feedforward

A

anticipates change (ex: secretion of insulin before blood sugar is elevated because of digestive system secretions)

27
Q

Primary pathology

A

pathology (deficiency or excess) arises in the last endocrine gland in a reflex

28
Q

Secondary pathology

A

dysfunction (under or overactivity) occurs in the anterior pituitary

29
Q

Tertiary pathology

A

dysfunction (under or overactivity) occurs in the hypothalamus