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BIOL 2301: Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Learning Objectives

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

Gross and Microscopic

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2
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

The study of body structures that can be observed with the naked eye

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of gross anatomy?

A

Regional, Systematic & Surface

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4
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

The study of anatomy based on the area that it is in

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5
Q

What is systematic anatomy?

A

The study of anatomy based on a particular system

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6
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface

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7
Q

What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology & Histology

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8
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of cells

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9
Q

What is histology

A

The study of tissues

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10
Q

What are the subdivisions of physiology?

A

The subdivisions of physiology are divided into the specific organ/organ system in question

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11
Q

What is the principle of complementary?

A

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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12
Q

What are the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body?

A

Atom > Molecule > Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism

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13
Q

Explain the relationship between the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body

A

Higher levels of organization are built from the lower levels

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14
Q

What are the 11 organ systems of the body?

A

Cardiovascular, Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary & Reproductive

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15
Q

What is the primary functions of the respiritory system?

A

Breathing

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood circulation

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

A

Processing food

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

A

Hormone production

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

A

Waste elimination

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

A

Procreation

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21
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

A

Communication & coordination between all body systems

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22
Q

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

A

Protection against damage

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23
Q

What are the major functions of the muscular/skeletal systems?

A

Providing form, support, stability & movement to the body

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24
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Blood production, maintenance of fluid balance and defense against disease

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25
What are the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life?
Movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, growth & reproduction
26
What are the survival needs of the body?
Nutrients (food), oxygen, water, appropriate temperature & atmospheric pressure
27
What is the significance of homeostasis?
It is what makes the human body adaptable to change
28
What are the components of the homeostatic control system?
The receptor, control center & effector
29
What is the function of the receptor?
A sensor that monitors the environment; Responds to stimuli by sending its findings along the [redacted] pathway to the control center
30
What is the afferent pathway?
Carries information TO the control center
31
What is the function of the control center?
Compares the change found by the [redacted] to where the body normally is and determines the appropriate response
32
What is the efferent pathway?
Carries information AWAY from the control center
33
What is the function of the effector?
Carries out the control center's response to stimulus
34
How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?
Works to reduce the effect of the stimulus to get the body back to normal status
35
Why is negative feedback considered negative?
The change that results proceeds in the opposite direction as the initial change
36
How does positive feedback maintain homeostasis?
Amplifies the stimulus so that further responses are greater
37
Why is positive feedback considered positive?
The change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change
38
What is superior (cranial)?
Towards the head/upper part of the body
39
What is inferior (caudal)?
Away from the head/lower part of the body
40
What is anterior (ventral)?
Towards the front of the body
41
What is posterior (dorsal)?
Towards the back of the body
42
What is medial?
Towards the midline
43
What is lateral?
Away from the midline
44
What is intermediate?
To be in between a more medial and lateral structure
45
What is proximal?
Closer to the point of attachment
46
What is distal?
Farther from the point of attachment
47
What is superficial?
Towards or at the surface
48
What is deep?
Away from the surface?
49
What is the axial region?
Refers to the head, neck & chest
50
What is the appendicular region?
Refers to the limbs/appendages
51
What is the sagittal body plane?
The vertical line that line that divides the body into left and right parts
52
What is the frontal body plane?
The vertical line that divides that body into anterior and posterior parts
53
What is the transverse body plane?
The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
54
What are the major body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
55
What is the function of the dorsal body cavity?
This cavity protects the fragile nervous system organs
56
What is the function of the ventral body cavity?
It provides protection & allows for movement of organs
57
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial and Vertebral/Spinal
58
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, Abdominal & Pelvic
59
What is the membrane associated with the dorsal cavity?
Meninges
60
What are the cavities associated with the ventral cavity?
Serosa/Serous Cavity, Parietal Serosa & Visceral Serosa
61
What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
62
What are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Right Hypochondriac Region, Epigastric Region, Left Hypochondriac Region, Right Lateral (Lumbar) Region, Umbilical Region, Left Lateral (Lumbar) Region, Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region, Pubic (Hypogastric) Region & Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region

BIOL 2301: Anatomy & Physiology I (2 decks)

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